Thread: speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc

33 posts.



Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in relation to
required energy/mass? There’s something I’m not understanding. Here’s a
sample situation:

A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it got there
is irrelevant). It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at whatever G’s
its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only person on
board). The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular direction
(which direction is not important).

Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is nothing at
all, right?

The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of thrust,
is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
tonnes of thrust, right?

Okay, let’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed; say 1,000 km
per hour (it doesn’t really matter). How much energy is required to
remain at that speed? I would assume none as the ship would simply be
drifting. (I’m not concerned at all about the resistance of the particles
in space, and the ship is far enough away from all bodies of gravity that
it doesn’t have to worry about that.)

Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G, how much
thrust will he need? It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again, right? If
so, 1G of acceleration should require the same amount of thrust, no matter
what speed the ship is initially traveling at.

Am I right or wrong so far? Are my assumptions correct?

Now for something slightly different. Einstein said that the force of
gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you accelerate.
So, if that’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be near a source of
gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is accelerating it
*is* a source of gravity. This gravity, however, would only be present
when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?

Okay, assuming I’m correct so far, apparently things start to change (or,
at least become noticeable) when you begin to approach the speed of light.

Wait. The *speed* of light? Hmmmm. No, I’m going to ignore that thought
for now.

So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to change.
Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers depending
on how you measure it). The faster you go, the more mass you have. No no
no, that can’t be right. Going a certain speed does not require any
energy at all. Only accelerating up to that speed requires energy.
Right?

This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light speeds, and
then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while, while it
is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not being any
gravity well when coasting) and the ship’s mass is 100 tonnes because it’s
not using any energy to accelerate.

So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started to
accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?

I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I don’t know what one.
Can anyone help?

- Daryl



On Wed, Jul 21, 2010 at 11:36, <> wrote:

> Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in relation to
> required energy/mass?

Yes i am reasonable conversant in basic physics.

> There’s something I’m not understanding. Here’s a
> sample situation:
>
> A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it got there
> is irrelevant). It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at whatever G’s
> its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only person on
> board). The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular direction
> (which direction is not important).
>
> Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is nothing at
> all, right?
>
> The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of thrust,
> is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
> tonnes of thrust, right?
>

Ok, your kinda mixing units here. A ton of thrust is a ton of thrust, so it
generates a impulse of 1 ton at one g. i.e. a 100 ton ship requires 100 tons
of thrust to accelerate at 1 g. Which addresses the force question.

>
> Okay, let’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed; say 1,000 km
> per hour (it doesn’t really matter). How much energy is required to
> remain at that speed? I would assume none as the ship would simply be
> drifting.

You are correct zero

> Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G, how much
> thrust will he need? It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again, right?

Yes it will be the 100 tons of thrust again.

>
> Now for something slightly different. Einstein said that the force of
> gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you accelerate.
> So, if that’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be near a source of
> gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is accelerating it
> *is* a source of gravity. This gravity, however, would only be present
> when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?
>

Simulated Gravity at thrust.

>
>
> So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to change.
> Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers depending
> on how you measure it). The faster you go, the more mass you have. No no
> no, that can’t be right. Going a certain speed does not require any
> energy at all. Only accelerating up to that speed requires energy.
> Right?
>

It depends on your frame of reference. its all relative.

> This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light speeds, and
> then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while, while it
> is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not being any
> gravity well when coasting) and the ship’s mass is 100 tonnes because it’s
> not using any energy to accelerate.
>
> So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started to
> accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?
>

There is no change in mass from the ship's point of view. Nothing has
changed.

> I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I don’t know what one.
> Can anyone help?
>

I would take a run at relativity if I where you.

--
Evyn


Yeah, it's relativity I'm trying to wrap my head around. I thought it would be fun to see what kind of an effect it would have in a Traveller setting.

Let me reword the question slightly. If a ship accelerated to near-light speeds, using the galaxy it is in as the frame of reference, and then stopped accelerating and just coasted, would the effects of relativity (using our frame of reference) cease to distort time and mass?

Or, in ortherwords, is relativity dependant on the force created by the acceleration of the object, on on the given speed of that object regardless of force?

In even different words, while it may not be possible to accelerate *up to* the speed of light without the inconvenience of relativity, is it possible to *exist at* the speed of light while aging at the same rate as our paradoxical twin who lives at planet-bound speeds?

Does that help clarify what I'm trying to figure out, or muddy the waters further?


Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry

-----Original Message-----
From: Evyn MacDude
Date: Wed, 21 Jul 2010 12:31:33
Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc

On Wed, Jul 21, 2010 at 11:36, <> wrote:

> Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in relation to
> required energy/mass?


Yes i am reasonable conversant in basic physics.


> There’s something I’m not understanding. Here’s a
> sample situation:
>
> A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it got there
> is irrelevant). It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at whatever G’s
> its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only person on
> board). The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular direction
> (which direction is not important).
>
> Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is nothing at
> all, right?
>
> The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of thrust,
> is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
> tonnes of thrust, right?
>

Ok, your kinda mixing units here. A ton of thrust is a ton of thrust, so it
generates a impulse of 1 ton at one g. i.e. a 100 ton ship requires 100 tons
of thrust to accelerate at 1 g. Which addresses the force question.


>
> Okay, let’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed; say 1,000 km
> per hour (it doesn’t really matter). How much energy is required to
> remain at that speed? I would assume none as the ship would simply be
> drifting.



You are correct zero


> Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G, how much
> thrust will he need? It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again, right?


Yes it will be the 100 tons of thrust again.



>
> Now for something slightly different. Einstein said that the force of
> gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you accelerate.
> So, if that’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be near a source of
> gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is accelerating it
> *is* a source of gravity. This gravity, however, would only be present
> when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?
>

Simulated Gravity at thrust.


>
>
> So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to change.
> Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers depending
> on how you measure it). The faster you go, the more mass you have. No no
> no, that can’t be right. Going a certain speed does not require any
> energy at all. Only accelerating up to that speed requires energy.
> Right?
>

It depends on your frame of reference. its all relative.


> This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light speeds, and
> then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while, while it
> is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not being any
> gravity well when coasting) and the ship’s mass is 100 tonnes because it’s
> not using any energy to accelerate.
>
> So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started to
> accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?
>

There is no change in mass from the ship's point of view. Nothing has
changed.


> I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I don’t know what one.
> Can anyone help?
>

I would take a run at relativity if I where you.

--
Evyn



not sure, pretty murky I'd guess ... but IMHO when coasting at near C (light speed) the mass relative to itself is still at 100tons while the apparent weight would be 0.  Impacting another object however would quickly resolve into an E=MCsquared equation.  Other than that I'm afraid I've not enough knowledge tucked away.
T

--- On Wed, 7/21/10, <> wrote:

From: <>
Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
To:
Date: Wednesday, July 21, 2010, 5:11 PM

 

Yeah, it's relativity I'm trying to wrap my head around. I thought it would be fun to see what kind of an effect it would have in a Traveller setting.

Let me reword the question slightly. If a ship accelerated to near-light speeds, using the galaxy it is in as the frame of reference, and then stopped accelerating and just coasted, would the effects of relativity (using our frame of reference) cease to distort time and mass?

Or, in ortherwords, is relativity dependant on the force created by the acceleration of the object, on on the given speed of that object regardless of force?

In even different words, while it may not be possible to accelerate *up to* the speed of light without the inconvenience of relativity, is it possible to *exist at* the speed of light while aging at the same rate as our paradoxical twin who lives at planet-bound speeds?

Does that help clarify what I'm trying to figure out, or muddy the waters further?

Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry

From: Evyn MacDude <>
Sender:
Date: Wed, 21 Jul 2010 12:31:33 -0700
To: <>
ReplyTo:
Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/ mass/energy/ etc

 

On Wed, Jul 21, 2010 at 11:36, <> wrote:

Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in relation to
required energy/mass?

Yes i am reasonable conversan t in basic physics.
 
 There’s something I’m not understanding.  Here’s a
sample situation:

A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it got there
is irrelevant).  It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at whatever G’s
its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only person on
board).  The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular direction
(which direction is not important).

Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is nothing at
all, right?

The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of thrust,
is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
tonnes of thrust, right?

Ok, your kinda mixing units here. A ton of thrust is a ton of thrust, so it generates a impulse of 1 ton at one g. i.e. a 100 ton ship requires 100 tons of thrust to accelerate  at 1 g. Which addresses the force question.
 

Okay, let’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed; say 1,000 km
per hour (it doesn’t really matter).  How much energy is required to
remain at that speed?  I would assume none as the ship would simply be
drifting.

You are correct zero
 
Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G, how much
thrust will he need?  It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again, right?

Yes it will be the 100 tons of thrust again.

 

Now for something slightly different.  Einstein said that the force of
gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you accelerate.
So, if that’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be near a source of
gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is accelerating it
*is* a source of gravity.  This gravity, however, would only be present
when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?

Simulated Gravity at thrust.
 

So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to change.
Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers depending
on how you measure it).  The faster you go, the more mass you have.  No no
no, that can’t be right.  Going a certain speed does not require any
energy at all.  Only accelerating up to that speed requires energy.
Right?

It depends on your frame of reference. its all relative. 

This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light speeds, and
then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while, while it
is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not being any
gravity well when coasting) and the ship’s mass is 100 tonnes because it’s
not using any energy to accelerate.

So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started to
accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?

There is no change in mass from the ship's point of view. Nothing has changed. 

I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I don’t know what one.
Can anyone help?

I would take a run at relativity  if I where you. 

--
Evyn



In short No.

Once you have accelerated your ship to 0.99c relative to your twin on the
planet, when you stop accelerating your velocity relative to the twin will
remain .99c until another force acts on your ship to change its velocity.
The time dilation effect is relative to the observer to the captain on the
ship see's that his twin his aging incredibly quickly compared to him, while
the twin on the planet see;s the captain aging very slowly. If the ship
slows down and then returns to the point it left at and is stationary
relative to that point again then both of them will find their clock now
move at the same speed , however the clock which was on the ship which moved
is now behind the clock which was stationary.

Another observer moving at a different velocity may perceive things
differently

http://www.scribd.com/doc/7221399/Feynman-Lectures-V1-Ch15-Special-Theory-of-Relativity
is probably a good source as Feynmans lectures have a good reputation fro
being accessible to none physicists and they where always the stuff I
understood while I failed my physics degree

On 21 July 2010 23:11, <> wrote:

>
>
> Yeah, it's relativity I'm trying to wrap my head around. I thought it would
> be fun to see what kind of an effect it would have in a Traveller setting.
>
> Let me reword the question slightly. If a ship accelerated to near-light
> speeds, using the galaxy it is in as the frame of reference, and then
> stopped accelerating and just coasted, would the effects of relativity
> (using our frame of reference) cease to distort time and mass?
>
> Or, in ortherwords, is relativity dependant on the force created by the
> acceleration of the object, on on the given speed of that object regardless
> of force?
>
> In even different words, while it may not be possible to accelerate *up to*
> the speed of light without the inconvenience of relativity, is it possible
> to *exist at* the speed of light while aging at the same rate as our
> paradoxical twin who lives at planet-bound speeds?
>
> Does that help clarify what I'm trying to figure out, or muddy the waters
> further?
>
> Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry
> ------------------------------
> *From: *Evyn MacDude <>
> *Sender:
> *Date: *Wed, 21 Jul 2010 12:31:33 -0700
> *To: *<>
> *ReplyTo:
> *Subject: *Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
>
>
>
>
>
> On Wed, Jul 21, 2010 at 11:36, <> wrote:
>
>> Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in relation to
>> required energy/mass?
>
>
> Yes i am reasonable conversant in basic physics.
>
>
>> There’s something I’m not understanding. Here’s a
>> sample situation:
>>
>> A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it got there
>> is irrelevant). It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at whatever G’s
>> its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only person on
>> board). The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular direction
>> (which direction is not important).
>>
>> Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is nothing at
>> all, right?
>>
>> The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of thrust,
>> is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
>> tonnes of thrust, right?
>>
>
> Ok, your kinda mixing units here. A ton of thrust is a ton of thrust, so it
> generates a impulse of 1 ton at one g. i.e. a 100 ton ship requires 100 tons
> of thrust to accelerate at 1 g. Which addresses the force question.
>
>
>>
>> Okay, let’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed; say 1,000 km
>> per hour (it doesn’t really matter). How much energy is required to
>> remain at that speed? I would assume none as the ship would simply be
>> drifting.
>
>
>
> You are correct zero
>
>
>> Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G, how much
>> thrust will he need? It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again, right?
>
>
> Yes it will be the 100 tons of thrust again.
>
>
>
>>
>> Now for something slightly different. Einstein said that the force of
>> gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you accelerate.
>> So, if that’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be near a source of
>> gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is accelerating it
>> *is* a source of gravity. This gravity, however, would only be present
>> when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?
>>
>
> Simulated Gravity at thrust.
>
>
>>
>>
>> So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to change.
>> Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers depending
>> on how you measure it). The faster you go, the more mass you have. No no
>> no, that can’t be right. Going a certain speed does not require any
>> energy at all. Only accelerating up to that speed requires energy.
>> Right?
>>
>
> It depends on your frame of reference. its all relative.
>
>
>> This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light speeds, and
>> then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while, while it
>> is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not being any
>> gravity well when coasting) and the ship’s mass is 100 tonnes because it’s
>> not using any energy to accelerate.
>>
>> So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started to
>> accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?
>>
>
> There is no change in mass from the ship's point of view. Nothing has
> changed.
>
>
>> I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I don’t know what one.
>> Can anyone help?
>>
>
> I would take a run at relativity if I where you.
>
> --
> Evyn
>
>
>

--
"Any Sufficiently analysed magic is indistinguishable from Science"
Agatha, Girl Genius
http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/comic.php?date=20081205


The ship always masses 100 tons as far as the observer on the ship is
concerned as for him the ships is stationary and the rest of the universe is
moving. From the point of reference of the man who is at teh start point for
the ship the ship which is moving at 0.99 c relative to him would measure
the ships mass at something much higher.

E=MC^2 is more a part of General relativity and not relevant to the
situation in hand , I have a resonable grasp of Special relativity but am
not going to touch General relativity with a 10 foot pole

On 21 July 2010 23:16, Tim O'Reilly <> wrote:

>
>
> not sure, pretty murky I'd guess ... but IMHO when coasting at near C
> (light speed) the mass relative to itself is still at 100tons while the
> apparent weight would be 0. Impacting another object however would quickly
> resolve into an E=MCsquared equation. Other than that I'm afraid I've not
> enough knowledge tucked away.
> T
>
> --- On *Wed, 7/21/10, <>* wrote:
>
>
> From: <>
>
> Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
> To:
> Date: Wednesday, July 21, 2010, 5:11 PM
>
>
> Yeah, it's relativity I'm trying to wrap my head around. I thought it
> would be fun to see what kind of an effect it would have in a Traveller
> setting.
>
> Let me reword the question slightly. If a ship accelerated to near-light
> speeds, using the galaxy it is in as the frame of reference, and then
> stopped accelerating and just coasted, would the effects of relativity
> (using our frame of reference) cease to distort time and mass?
>
> Or, in ortherwords, is relativity dependant on the force created by the
> acceleration of the object, on on the given speed of that object regardless
> of force?
>
> In even different words, while it may not be possible to accelerate *up to*
> the speed of light without the inconvenience of relativity, is it possible
> to *exist at* the speed of light while aging at the same rate as our
> paradoxical twin who lives at planet-bound speeds?
>
> Does that help clarify what I'm trying to figure out, or muddy the waters
> further?
>
> Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry
> ------------------------------
> *From: *Evyn MacDude <>
> *Sender: *
> *Date: *Wed, 21 Jul 2010 12:31:33 -0700
> *To: *<>
> *ReplyTo: *
> *Subject: *Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/ mass/energy/ etc
>
>
>
>
> On Wed, Jul 21, 2010 at 11:36, <<http://us.mc398.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=>
> > wrote:
>
>> Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in relation to
>> required energy/mass?
>
>
> Yes i am reasonable conversan t in basic physics.
>
>
>> There’s something I’m not understanding. Here’s a
>> sample situation:
>>
>> A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it got there
>> is irrelevant). It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at whatever G’s
>> its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only person on
>> board). The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular direction
>> (which direction is not important).
>>
>> Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is nothing at
>> all, right?
>>
>> The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of thrust,
>> is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
>> tonnes of thrust, right?
>>
>
> Ok, your kinda mixing units here. A ton of thrust is a ton of thrust, so it
> generates a impulse of 1 ton at one g. i.e. a 100 ton ship requires 100 tons
> of thrust to accelerate at 1 g. Which addresses the force question.
>
>
>>
>> Okay, let’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed; say 1,000 km
>> per hour (it doesn’t really matter). How much energy is required to
>> remain at that speed? I would assume none as the ship would simply be
>> drifting.
>
>
>
> You are correct zero
>
>
>> Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G, how much
>> thrust will he need? It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again, right?
>
>
> Yes it will be the 100 tons of thrust again.
>
>
>
>>
>> Now for something slightly different. Einstein said that the force of
>> gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you accelerate.
>> So, if that’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be near a source of
>> gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is accelerating it
>> *is* a source of gravity. This gravity, however, would only be present
>> when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?
>>
>
> Simulated Gravity at thrust.
>
>
>>
>>
>> So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to change.
>> Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers depending
>> on how you measure it). The faster you go, the more mass you have. No no
>> no, that can’t be right. Going a certain speed does not require any
>> energy at all. Only accelerating up to that speed requires energy.
>> Right?
>>
>
> It depends on your frame of reference. its all relative.
>
>
>> This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light speeds, and
>> then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while, while it
>> is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not being any
>> gravity well when coasting) and the ship’s mass is 100 tonnes because it’s
>> not using any energy to accelerate.
>>
>> So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started to
>> accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?
>>
>
> There is no change in mass from the ship's point of view. Nothing has
> changed.
>
>
>> I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I don’t know what one.
>> Can anyone help?
>>
>
> I would take a run at relativity if I where you.
>
> --
> Evyn
>
>
>
>

--
"Any Sufficiently analysed magic is indistinguishable from Science"
Agatha, Girl Genius
http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/comic.php?date=20081205


Interesting. So the effects of relativity are based on speed (relative to a frame of reference), not gravitational force?

Well, that brings up another question: if gravity distorts time measurements, are you under the effects of both that and the speed you're moving at (relative to your observer? Or, is that what einstine said were actually the same?



Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry

-----Original Message-----
From: Andrew Moreton
Date: Wed, 21 Jul 2010 23:18:48
Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc

In short No.

Once you have accelerated your ship to 0.99c relative to your twin on the
planet, when you stop accelerating your velocity relative to the twin will
remain .99c until another force acts on your ship to change its velocity.
The time dilation effect is relative to the observer to the captain on the
ship see's that his twin his aging incredibly quickly compared to him, while
the twin on the planet see;s the captain aging very slowly. If the ship
slows down and then returns to the point it left at and is stationary
relative to that point again then both of them will find their clock now
move at the same speed , however the clock which was on the ship which moved
is now behind the clock which was stationary.

Another observer moving at a different velocity may perceive things
differently

http://www.scribd.com/doc/7221399/Feynman-Lectures-V1-Ch15-Special-Theory-of-Relativity
is probably a good source as Feynmans lectures have a good reputation fro
being accessible to none physicists and they where always the stuff I
understood while I failed my physics degree

On 21 July 2010 23:11, <> wrote:

>
>
> Yeah, it's relativity I'm trying to wrap my head around. I thought it would
> be fun to see what kind of an effect it would have in a Traveller setting.
>
> Let me reword the question slightly. If a ship accelerated to near-light
> speeds, using the galaxy it is in as the frame of reference, and then
> stopped accelerating and just coasted, would the effects of relativity
> (using our frame of reference) cease to distort time and mass?
>
> Or, in ortherwords, is relativity dependant on the force created by the
> acceleration of the object, on on the given speed of that object regardless
> of force?
>
> In even different words, while it may not be possible to accelerate *up to*
> the speed of light without the inconvenience of relativity, is it possible
> to *exist at* the speed of light while aging at the same rate as our
> paradoxical twin who lives at planet-bound speeds?
>
> Does that help clarify what I'm trying to figure out, or muddy the waters
> further?
>
> Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry
> ------------------------------
> *From: *Evyn MacDude <>
> *Sender:
> *Date: *Wed, 21 Jul 2010 12:31:33 -0700
> *To: *<>
> *ReplyTo:
> *Subject: *Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
>
>
>
>
>
> On Wed, Jul 21, 2010 at 11:36, <> wrote:
>
>> Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in relation to
>> required energy/mass?
>
>
> Yes i am reasonable conversant in basic physics.
>
>
>> There’s something I’m not understanding. Here’s a
>> sample situation:
>>
>> A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it got there
>> is irrelevant). It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at whatever G’s
>> its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only person on
>> board). The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular direction
>> (which direction is not important).
>>
>> Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is nothing at
>> all, right?
>>
>> The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of thrust,
>> is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
>> tonnes of thrust, right?
>>
>
> Ok, your kinda mixing units here. A ton of thrust is a ton of thrust, so it
> generates a impulse of 1 ton at one g. i.e. a 100 ton ship requires 100 tons
> of thrust to accelerate at 1 g. Which addresses the force question.
>
>
>>
>> Okay, let’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed; say 1,000 km
>> per hour (it doesn’t really matter). How much energy is required to
>> remain at that speed? I would assume none as the ship would simply be
>> drifting.
>
>
>
> You are correct zero
>
>
>> Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G, how much
>> thrust will he need? It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again, right?
>
>
> Yes it will be the 100 tons of thrust again.
>
>
>
>>
>> Now for something slightly different. Einstein said that the force of
>> gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you accelerate.
>> So, if that’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be near a source of
>> gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is accelerating it
>> *is* a source of gravity. This gravity, however, would only be present
>> when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?
>>
>
> Simulated Gravity at thrust.
>
>
>>
>>
>> So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to change.
>> Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers depending
>> on how you measure it). The faster you go, the more mass you have. No no
>> no, that can’t be right. Going a certain speed does not require any
>> energy at all. Only accelerating up to that speed requires energy.
>> Right?
>>
>
> It depends on your frame of reference. its all relative.
>
>
>> This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light speeds, and
>> then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while, while it
>> is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not being any
>> gravity well when coasting) and the ship’s mass is 100 tonnes because it’s
>> not using any energy to accelerate.
>>
>> So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started to
>> accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?
>>
>
> There is no change in mass from the ship's point of view. Nothing has
> changed.
>
>
>> I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I don’t know what one.
>> Can anyone help?
>>
>
> I would take a run at relativity if I where you.
>
> --
> Evyn
>
>
>



--
"Any Sufficiently analysed magic is indistinguishable from Science"
Agatha, Girl Genius
http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/comic.php?date=20081205



When you start bringing in the effects of gravity as anything other than a
force acting on an object (its bending of space/time) you are going into the
terriotiry of General Realitivy and I never took that course as I failed
some of the advanced calculus needed.

I think the effects are cumualtive but not linear. So if you are in a strong
gravity field and moving at a high velocity the observer would see an effect
of both but it would not be as simple as addint the two together so if you
are going very fast the relativistic effects of anything except a very
strong gravity field would be negligible. (this could be wrong I am a layman
in this area , special realtivity I used to undersntand well , General
realtivity I have never had a clue about)

Its worth noting that for most purposes realtivistic effects are negligible
until you get very high veolcities , at 0.1C you get an effect on the order
of 1% and 0.1 C is really fast . Likewise you need really strong gravity
with a sharp gradient for major effects (Neutron starts/black holes)

On 21 July 2010 23:42, <> wrote:

>
>
> Interesting. So the effects of relativity are based on speed (relative to a
> frame of reference), not gravitational force?
>
> Well, that brings up another question: if gravity distorts time
> measurements, are you under the effects of both that and the speed you're
> moving at (relative to your observer? Or, is that what einstine said were
> actually the same?
>
>
>
> Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry
> ------------------------------
> *From: *Andrew Moreton <>
> *Sender:
> *Date: *Wed, 21 Jul 2010 23:18:48 +0100
> *To: *<>
> *ReplyTo:
> *Subject: *Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
>
>
>
> In short No.
>
> Once you have accelerated your ship to 0.99c relative to your twin on the
> planet, when you stop accelerating your velocity relative to the twin will
> remain .99c until another force acts on your ship to change its velocity.
> The time dilation effect is relative to the observer to the captain on the
> ship see's that his twin his aging incredibly quickly compared to him, while
> the twin on the planet see;s the captain aging very slowly. If the ship
> slows down and then returns to the point it left at and is stationary
> relative to that point again then both of them will find their clock now
> move at the same speed , however the clock which was on the ship which moved
> is now behind the clock which was stationary.
>
> Another observer moving at a different velocity may perceive things
> differently
>
>
> http://www.scribd.com/doc/7221399/Feynman-Lectures-V1-Ch15-Special-Theory-of-Relativity
> is probably a good source as Feynmans lectures have a good reputation fro
> being accessible to none physicists and they where always the stuff I
> understood while I failed my physics degree
>
> On 21 July 2010 23:11, <> wrote:
>
>>
>>
>> Yeah, it's relativity I'm trying to wrap my head around. I thought it
>> would be fun to see what kind of an effect it would have in a Traveller
>> setting.
>>
>> Let me reword the question slightly. If a ship accelerated to near-light
>> speeds, using the galaxy it is in as the frame of reference, and then
>> stopped accelerating and just coasted, would the effects of relativity
>> (using our frame of reference) cease to distort time and mass?
>>
>> Or, in ortherwords, is relativity dependant on the force created by the
>> acceleration of the object, on on the given speed of that object regardless
>> of force?
>>
>> In even different words, while it may not be possible to accelerate *up
>> to* the speed of light without the inconvenience of relativity, is it
>> possible to *exist at* the speed of light while aging at the same rate as
>> our paradoxical twin who lives at planet-bound speeds?
>>
>> Does that help clarify what I'm trying to figure out, or muddy the waters
>> further?
>>
>> Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry
>> ------------------------------
>> *From: *Evyn MacDude <>
>> *Sender:
>> *Date: *Wed, 21 Jul 2010 12:31:33 -0700
>> *To: *<>
>> *ReplyTo:
>> *Subject: *Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> On Wed, Jul 21, 2010 at 11:36, <> wrote:
>>
>>> Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in relation to
>>> required energy/mass?
>>
>>
>> Yes i am reasonable conversant in basic physics.
>>
>>
>>> There’s something I’m not understanding. Here’s a
>>> sample situation:
>>>
>>> A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it got there
>>> is irrelevant). It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at whatever G’s
>>> its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only person on
>>> board). The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular
>>> direction
>>> (which direction is not important).
>>>
>>> Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is nothing at
>>> all, right?
>>>
>>> The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of
>>> thrust,
>>> is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
>>> tonnes of thrust, right?
>>>
>>
>> Ok, your kinda mixing units here. A ton of thrust is a ton of thrust, so
>> it generates a impulse of 1 ton at one g. i.e. a 100 ton ship requires 100
>> tons of thrust to accelerate at 1 g. Which addresses the force question.
>>
>>
>>>
>>> Okay, let’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed; say 1,000 km
>>> per hour (it doesn’t really matter). How much energy is required to
>>> remain at that speed? I would assume none as the ship would simply be
>>> drifting.
>>
>>
>>
>> You are correct zero
>>
>>
>>> Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G, how much
>>> thrust will he need? It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again, right?
>>
>>
>> Yes it will be the 100 tons of thrust again.
>>
>>
>>
>>>
>>> Now for something slightly different. Einstein said that the force of
>>> gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you accelerate.
>>> So, if that’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be near a source
>>> of
>>> gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is accelerating it
>>> *is* a source of gravity. This gravity, however, would only be present
>>> when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?
>>>
>>
>> Simulated Gravity at thrust.
>>
>>
>>>
>>>
>>> So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to change.
>>> Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers depending
>>> on how you measure it). The faster you go, the more mass you have. No
>>> no
>>> no, that can’t be right. Going a certain speed does not require any
>>> energy at all. Only accelerating up to that speed requires energy.
>>> Right?
>>>
>>
>> It depends on your frame of reference. its all relative.
>>
>>
>>> This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light speeds, and
>>> then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while, while it
>>> is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not being any
>>> gravity well when coasting) and the ship’s mass is 100 tonnes because
>>> it’s
>>> not using any energy to accelerate.
>>>
>>> So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started to
>>> accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?
>>>
>>
>> There is no change in mass from the ship's point of view. Nothing has
>> changed.
>>
>>
>>> I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I don’t know what one.
>>> Can anyone help?
>>>
>>
>> I would take a run at relativity if I where you.
>>
>> --
>> Evyn
>>
>>
>
>
> --
> "Any Sufficiently analysed magic is indistinguishable from Science"
> Agatha, Girl Genius
> http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/comic.php?date=20081205
>
>
>

--
"Any Sufficiently analysed magic is indistinguishable from Science"
Agatha, Girl Genius
http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/comic.php?date=20081205


HOLD THE PHONE!!! Your mass doesn't change *from your own perspective*!!! So the effects of relativity *do not affect you*, only how other's see you?

So, really, *you* can go faster then light, you just can't be observed doing it? No, wait. In order to think of yourself moving at that speed you need to accelerate the universe around you to that speed, and if that universe is suffering from the same affect that it thinks you are suffering from...aaaarrrrggghh.

So then, I would guess that the rest of the universe would seem more massier? Hmmmmmm.

Hang on, if your twin sees you as moving at .9c and you are seeing him move at .9c, why does anyone age differently?

(Man, I really gotta check out those links)
Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry

-----Original Message-----
Date: Wed, 21 Jul 2010 22:42:08
Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc

Interesting. So the effects of relativity are based on speed (relative to a frame of reference), not gravitational force?

Well, that brings up another question: if gravity distorts time measurements, are you under the effects of both that and the speed you're moving at (relative to your observer? Or, is that what einstine said were actually the same?



Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry

-----Original Message-----
From: Andrew Moreton
Date: Wed, 21 Jul 2010 23:18:48
Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc

In short No.

Once you have accelerated your ship to 0.99c relative to your twin on the
planet, when you stop accelerating your velocity relative to the twin will
remain .99c until another force acts on your ship to change its velocity.
The time dilation effect is relative to the observer to the captain on the
ship see's that his twin his aging incredibly quickly compared to him, while
the twin on the planet see;s the captain aging very slowly. If the ship
slows down and then returns to the point it left at and is stationary
relative to that point again then both of them will find their clock now
move at the same speed , however the clock which was on the ship which moved
is now behind the clock which was stationary.

Another observer moving at a different velocity may perceive things
differently

http://www.scribd.com/doc/7221399/Feynman-Lectures-V1-Ch15-Special-Theory-of-Relativity
is probably a good source as Feynmans lectures have a good reputation fro
being accessible to none physicists and they where always the stuff I
understood while I failed my physics degree

On 21 July 2010 23:11, <> wrote:

>
>
> Yeah, it's relativity I'm trying to wrap my head around. I thought it would
> be fun to see what kind of an effect it would have in a Traveller setting.
>
> Let me reword the question slightly. If a ship accelerated to near-light
> speeds, using the galaxy it is in as the frame of reference, and then
> stopped accelerating and just coasted, would the effects of relativity
> (using our frame of reference) cease to distort time and mass?
>
> Or, in ortherwords, is relativity dependant on the force created by the
> acceleration of the object, on on the given speed of that object regardless
> of force?
>
> In even different words, while it may not be possible to accelerate *up to*
> the speed of light without the inconvenience of relativity, is it possible
> to *exist at* the speed of light while aging at the same rate as our
> paradoxical twin who lives at planet-bound speeds?
>
> Does that help clarify what I'm trying to figure out, or muddy the waters
> further?
>
> Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry
> ------------------------------
> *From: *Evyn MacDude <>
> *Sender:
> *Date: *Wed, 21 Jul 2010 12:31:33 -0700
> *To: *<>
> *ReplyTo:
> *Subject: *Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
>
>
>
>
>
> On Wed, Jul 21, 2010 at 11:36, <> wrote:
>
>> Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in relation to
>> required energy/mass?
>
>
> Yes i am reasonable conversant in basic physics.
>
>
>> There’s something I’m not understanding. Here’s a
>> sample situation:
>>
>> A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it got there
>> is irrelevant). It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at whatever G’s
>> its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only person on
>> board). The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular direction
>> (which direction is not important).
>>
>> Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is nothing at
>> all, right?
>>
>> The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of thrust,
>> is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
>> tonnes of thrust, right?
>>
>
> Ok, your kinda mixing units here. A ton of thrust is a ton of thrust, so it
> generates a impulse of 1 ton at one g. i.e. a 100 ton ship requires 100 tons
> of thrust to accelerate at 1 g. Which addresses the force question.
>
>
>>
>> Okay, let’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed; say 1,000 km
>> per hour (it doesn’t really matter). How much energy is required to
>> remain at that speed? I would assume none as the ship would simply be
>> drifting.
>
>
>
> You are correct zero
>
>
>> Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G, how much
>> thrust will he need? It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again, right?
>
>
> Yes it will be the 100 tons of thrust again.
>
>
>
>>
>> Now for something slightly different. Einstein said that the force of
>> gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you accelerate.
>> So, if that’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be near a source of
>> gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is accelerating it
>> *is* a source of gravity. This gravity, however, would only be present
>> when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?
>>
>
> Simulated Gravity at thrust.
>
>
>>
>>
>> So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to change.
>> Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers depending
>> on how you measure it). The faster you go, the more mass you have. No no
>> no, that can’t be right. Going a certain speed does not require any
>> energy at all. Only accelerating up to that speed requires energy.
>> Right?
>>
>
> It depends on your frame of reference. its all relative.
>
>
>> This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light speeds, and
>> then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while, while it
>> is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not being any
>> gravity well when coasting) and the ship’s mass is 100 tonnes because it’s
>> not using any energy to accelerate.
>>
>> So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started to
>> accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?
>>
>
> There is no change in mass from the ship's point of view. Nothing has
> changed.
>
>
>> I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I don’t know what one.
>> Can anyone help?
>>
>
> I would take a run at relativity if I where you.
>
> --
> Evyn
>
>
>



--
"Any Sufficiently analysed magic is indistinguishable from Science"
Agatha, Girl Genius
http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/comic.php?date=20081205



> Interesting. So the effects of relativity are based on speed (relative
> to a frame of reference), not gravitational force?
>
(Sorry did not answer this on previous post) Yes. Special relativity which
is used to most of this does not involve gravity at all except as a force
like any other. In my entire special relativity course and books gravity
never comes up that would be a much later course .
From the foundation of this Einstein went on to postulate general
relativity which ties gravity into the whole thing . For any purpose in
traveller where you do not have a neutron star or similar Special realtivity
should suffice , for most purposes Newtonian mechanics work fine


All of relativity works around the concept of frames of Reference and they
are hard to get your head around.

No you can never travel faster than the speed of light.
The Universe is always an observer.

One way to look at it is if you consider yourself to be stationary , then
the rest of the universe would be moving at a high velocity relative to
youreelf and would seem massier to you.
Everything comes down to the frame of reference you have defined and then
all motion is relative to that point , I can think of no good way to
illustrate frames of refernece as it is late here and I was never any good
at it. It took me weeks to get my head around this .
On 22 July 2010 00:00, <> wrote:

>
>
> HOLD THE PHONE!!! Your mass doesn't change *from your own perspective*!!!
> So the effects of relativity *do not affect you*, only how other's see you?
>
> So, really, *you* can go faster then light, you just can't be observed
> doing it? No, wait. In order to think of yourself moving at that speed you
> need to accelerate the universe around you to that speed, and if that
> universe is suffering from the same affect that it thinks you are suffering
> from...aaaarrrrggghh.
>
> So then, I would guess that the rest of the universe would seem more
> massier? Hmmmmmm.
>
> Hang on, if your twin sees you as moving at .9c and you are seeing him move
> at .9c, why does anyone age differently?
>
> (Man, I really gotta check out those links)
>
> Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry
> ------------------------------
> *From:
> *Sender:
> *Date: *Wed, 21 Jul 2010 22:42:08 +0000
> *To: *<>
> *ReplyTo:
> *Subject: *Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
>
>
>
> Interesting. So the effects of relativity are based on speed (relative to a
> frame of reference), not gravitational force?
>
> Well, that brings up another question: if gravity distorts time
> measurements, are you under the effects of both that and the speed you're
> moving at (relative to your observer? Or, is that what einstine said were
> actually the same?
>
>
> Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry
> ------------------------------
> *From: *Andrew Moreton <>
> *Sender:
> *Date: *Wed, 21 Jul 2010 23:18:48 +0100
> *To: *<>
> *ReplyTo:
> *Subject: *Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
>
>
>
> In short No.
>
> Once you have accelerated your ship to 0.99c relative to your twin on the
> planet, when you stop accelerating your velocity relative to the twin will
> remain .99c until another force acts on your ship to change its velocity.
> The time dilation effect is relative to the observer to the captain on the
> ship see's that his twin his aging incredibly quickly compared to him, while
> the twin on the planet see;s the captain aging very slowly. If the ship
> slows down and then returns to the point it left at and is stationary
> relative to that point again then both of them will find their clock now
> move at the same speed , however the clock which was on the ship which moved
> is now behind the clock which was stationary.
>
> Another observer moving at a different velocity may perceive things
> differently
>
>
> http://www.scribd.com/doc/7221399/Feynman-Lectures-V1-Ch15-Special-Theory-of-Relativity
> is probably a good source as Feynmans lectures have a good reputation fro
> being accessible to none physicists and they where always the stuff I
> understood while I failed my physics degree
>
> On 21 July 2010 23:11, <> wrote:
>
>>
>>
>> Yeah, it's relativity I'm trying to wrap my head around. I thought it
>> would be fun to see what kind of an effect it would have in a Traveller
>> setting.
>>
>> Let me reword the question slightly. If a ship accelerated to near-light
>> speeds, using the galaxy it is in as the frame of reference, and then
>> stopped accelerating and just coasted, would the effects of relativity
>> (using our frame of reference) cease to distort time and mass?
>>
>> Or, in ortherwords, is relativity dependant on the force created by the
>> acceleration of the object, on on the given speed of that object regardless
>> of force?
>>
>> In even different words, while it may not be possible to accelerate *up
>> to* the speed of light without the inconvenience of relativity, is it
>> possible to *exist at* the speed of light while aging at the same rate as
>> our paradoxical twin who lives at planet-bound speeds?
>>
>> Does that help clarify what I'm trying to figure out, or muddy the waters
>> further?
>>
>> Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry
>> ------------------------------
>> *From: *Evyn MacDude <>
>> *Sender:
>> *Date: *Wed, 21 Jul 2010 12:31:33 -0700
>> *To: *<>
>> *ReplyTo:
>> *Subject: *Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> On Wed, Jul 21, 2010 at 11:36, <> wrote:
>>
>>> Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in relation to
>>> required energy/mass?
>>
>>
>> Yes i am reasonable conversant in basic physics.
>>
>>
>>> There’s something I’m not understanding. Here’s a
>>> sample situation:
>>>
>>> A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it got there
>>> is irrelevant). It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at whatever G’s
>>> its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only person on
>>> board). The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular
>>> direction
>>> (which direction is not important).
>>>
>>> Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is nothing at
>>> all, right?
>>>
>>> The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of
>>> thrust,
>>> is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
>>> tonnes of thrust, right?
>>>
>>
>> Ok, your kinda mixing units here. A ton of thrust is a ton of thrust, so
>> it generates a impulse of 1 ton at one g. i.e. a 100 ton ship requires 100
>> tons of thrust to accelerate at 1 g. Which addresses the force question.
>>
>>
>>>
>>> Okay, let’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed; say 1,000 km
>>> per hour (it doesn’t really matter). How much energy is required to
>>> remain at that speed? I would assume none as the ship would simply be
>>> drifting.
>>
>>
>>
>> You are correct zero
>>
>>
>>> Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G, how much
>>> thrust will he need? It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again, right?
>>
>>
>> Yes it will be the 100 tons of thrust again.
>>
>>
>>
>>>
>>> Now for something slightly different. Einstein said that the force of
>>> gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you accelerate.
>>> So, if that’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be near a source
>>> of
>>> gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is accelerating it
>>> *is* a source of gravity. This gravity, however, would only be present
>>> when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?
>>>
>>
>> Simulated Gravity at thrust.
>>
>>
>>>
>>>
>>> So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to change.
>>> Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers depending
>>> on how you measure it). The faster you go, the more mass you have. No
>>> no
>>> no, that can’t be right. Going a certain speed does not require any
>>> energy at all. Only accelerating up to that speed requires energy.
>>> Right?
>>>
>>
>> It depends on your frame of reference. its all relative.
>>
>>
>>> This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light speeds, and
>>> then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while, while it
>>> is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not being any
>>> gravity well when coasting) and the ship’s mass is 100 tonnes because
>>> it’s
>>> not using any energy to accelerate.
>>>
>>> So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started to
>>> accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?
>>>
>>
>> There is no change in mass from the ship's point of view. Nothing has
>> changed.
>>
>>
>>> I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I don’t know what one.
>>> Can anyone help?
>>>
>>
>> I would take a run at relativity if I where you.
>>
>> --
>> Evyn
>>
>>
>
>
> --
> "Any Sufficiently analysed magic is indistinguishable from Science"
> Agatha, Girl Genius
> http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/comic.php?date=20081205
>
>
>

--
"Any Sufficiently analysed magic is indistinguishable from Science"
Agatha, Girl Genius
http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/comic.php?date=20081205


On Wednesday, July 21, 2010, wrote:

>Hang on, if your twin sees you as moving at .9c and you are seeing him
>move at .9c, why does anyone age differently?

That's why it's called the Twin Paradox. Special relativity
(which really deals *only* with motions at constant velocity in
empty space) says that there's *no* way to tell who's actually
moving (and thus no way to tell whose clock is actually going
faster), so in theory *each* twin sees *the other* as aging more slowly.

What breaks the degeneracy? Acceleration. The twin who
accelerated and then decelerated back into the same reference
frame is the one who ends up being younger.

General Relativity takes the same theory and then looks at
gravity. Simplifying drastically, it asks the question "Why is
inertial mass (the mass that resists acceleration, aka the m in
F=ma) always the same as gravitational mass (the mass that
affects gravitational attraction, aka both "m"s in F =
Gm1m2/r^2) whenever we measure them?" If they're actually
measuring different things (inertia vs. gravity), there's no
reason they should be. As such, GR postulates that they're the
*same* thing, and that the force of gravity, as experienced, is
essentially an acceleration (I'm not putting this very well, but
hopefully the essence will come through). Then you start having
to calculate stress-energy tensors, and Christoffel symbols, and
it's been a decade since I last took a general relativity course
so I hope you'll forgive me if I don't go into the math right now.

-Brian
--
Brian York <>
Proud Member of the Society for the Conservation of Angular Momentum
Visit the society web site at <http://briany.chaosnet.org/bio/scam.html>
Or visit my web site at <http://briany.chaosnet.org/>



Oh, I understand frames of reference just fine, I just don't often take them into account (even when working with them) or mix them when I get overly excited about a point of interest.

Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry

-----Original Message-----
From: Andrew Moreton
Date: Thu, 22 Jul 2010 00:13:51
Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc

All of relativity works around the concept of frames of Reference and they
are hard to get your head around.

No you can never travel faster than the speed of light.
The Universe is always an observer.

One way to look at it is if you consider yourself to be stationary , then
the rest of the universe would be moving at a high velocity relative to
youreelf and would seem massier to you.
Everything comes down to the frame of reference you have defined and then
all motion is relative to that point , I can think of no good way to
illustrate frames of refernece as it is late here and I was never any good
at it. It took me weeks to get my head around this .
On 22 July 2010 00:00, <> wrote:

>
>
> HOLD THE PHONE!!! Your mass doesn't change *from your own perspective*!!!
> So the effects of relativity *do not affect you*, only how other's see you?
>
> So, really, *you* can go faster then light, you just can't be observed
> doing it? No, wait. In order to think of yourself moving at that speed you
> need to accelerate the universe around you to that speed, and if that
> universe is suffering from the same affect that it thinks you are suffering
> from...aaaarrrrggghh.
>
> So then, I would guess that the rest of the universe would seem more
> massier? Hmmmmmm.
>
> Hang on, if your twin sees you as moving at .9c and you are seeing him move
> at .9c, why does anyone age differently?
>
> (Man, I really gotta check out those links)
>
> Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry
> ------------------------------
> *From:
> *Sender:
> *Date: *Wed, 21 Jul 2010 22:42:08 +0000
> *To: *<>
> *ReplyTo:
> *Subject: *Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
>
>
>
> Interesting. So the effects of relativity are based on speed (relative to a
> frame of reference), not gravitational force?
>
> Well, that brings up another question: if gravity distorts time
> measurements, are you under the effects of both that and the speed you're
> moving at (relative to your observer? Or, is that what einstine said were
> actually the same?
>
>
> Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry
> ------------------------------
> *From: *Andrew Moreton <>
> *Sender:
> *Date: *Wed, 21 Jul 2010 23:18:48 +0100
> *To: *<>
> *ReplyTo:
> *Subject: *Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
>
>
>
> In short No.
>
> Once you have accelerated your ship to 0.99c relative to your twin on the
> planet, when you stop accelerating your velocity relative to the twin will
> remain .99c until another force acts on your ship to change its velocity.
> The time dilation effect is relative to the observer to the captain on the
> ship see's that his twin his aging incredibly quickly compared to him, while
> the twin on the planet see;s the captain aging very slowly. If the ship
> slows down and then returns to the point it left at and is stationary
> relative to that point again then both of them will find their clock now
> move at the same speed , however the clock which was on the ship which moved
> is now behind the clock which was stationary.
>
> Another observer moving at a different velocity may perceive things
> differently
>
>
> http://www.scribd.com/doc/7221399/Feynman-Lectures-V1-Ch15-Special-Theory-of-Relativity
> is probably a good source as Feynmans lectures have a good reputation fro
> being accessible to none physicists and they where always the stuff I
> understood while I failed my physics degree
>
> On 21 July 2010 23:11, <> wrote:
>
>>
>>
>> Yeah, it's relativity I'm trying to wrap my head around. I thought it
>> would be fun to see what kind of an effect it would have in a Traveller
>> setting.
>>
>> Let me reword the question slightly. If a ship accelerated to near-light
>> speeds, using the galaxy it is in as the frame of reference, and then
>> stopped accelerating and just coasted, would the effects of relativity
>> (using our frame of reference) cease to distort time and mass?
>>
>> Or, in ortherwords, is relativity dependant on the force created by the
>> acceleration of the object, on on the given speed of that object regardless
>> of force?
>>
>> In even different words, while it may not be possible to accelerate *up
>> to* the speed of light without the inconvenience of relativity, is it
>> possible to *exist at* the speed of light while aging at the same rate as
>> our paradoxical twin who lives at planet-bound speeds?
>>
>> Does that help clarify what I'm trying to figure out, or muddy the waters
>> further?
>>
>> Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry
>> ------------------------------
>> *From: *Evyn MacDude <>
>> *Sender:
>> *Date: *Wed, 21 Jul 2010 12:31:33 -0700
>> *To: *<>
>> *ReplyTo:
>> *Subject: *Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> On Wed, Jul 21, 2010 at 11:36, <> wrote:
>>
>>> Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in relation to
>>> required energy/mass?
>>
>>
>> Yes i am reasonable conversant in basic physics.
>>
>>
>>> There’s something I’m not understanding. Here’s a
>>> sample situation:
>>>
>>> A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it got there
>>> is irrelevant). It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at whatever G’s
>>> its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only person on
>>> board). The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular
>>> direction
>>> (which direction is not important).
>>>
>>> Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is nothing at
>>> all, right?
>>>
>>> The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of
>>> thrust,
>>> is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
>>> tonnes of thrust, right?
>>>
>>
>> Ok, your kinda mixing units here. A ton of thrust is a ton of thrust, so
>> it generates a impulse of 1 ton at one g. i.e. a 100 ton ship requires 100
>> tons of thrust to accelerate at 1 g. Which addresses the force question.
>>
>>
>>>
>>> Okay, let’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed; say 1,000 km
>>> per hour (it doesn’t really matter). How much energy is required to
>>> remain at that speed? I would assume none as the ship would simply be
>>> drifting.
>>
>>
>>
>> You are correct zero
>>
>>
>>> Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G, how much
>>> thrust will he need? It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again, right?
>>
>>
>> Yes it will be the 100 tons of thrust again.
>>
>>
>>
>>>
>>> Now for something slightly different. Einstein said that the force of
>>> gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you accelerate.
>>> So, if that’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be near a source
>>> of
>>> gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is accelerating it
>>> *is* a source of gravity. This gravity, however, would only be present
>>> when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?
>>>
>>
>> Simulated Gravity at thrust.
>>
>>
>>>
>>>
>>> So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to change.
>>> Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers depending
>>> on how you measure it). The faster you go, the more mass you have. No
>>> no
>>> no, that can’t be right. Going a certain speed does not require any
>>> energy at all. Only accelerating up to that speed requires energy.
>>> Right?
>>>
>>
>> It depends on your frame of reference. its all relative.
>>
>>
>>> This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light speeds, and
>>> then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while, while it
>>> is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not being any
>>> gravity well when coasting) and the ship’s mass is 100 tonnes because
>>> it’s
>>> not using any energy to accelerate.
>>>
>>> So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started to
>>> accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?
>>>
>>
>> There is no change in mass from the ship's point of view. Nothing has
>> changed.
>>
>>
>>> I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I don’t know what one.
>>> Can anyone help?
>>>
>>
>> I would take a run at relativity if I where you.
>>
>> --
>> Evyn
>>
>>
>
>
> --
> "Any Sufficiently analysed magic is indistinguishable from Science"
> Agatha, Girl Genius
> http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/comic.php?date=20081205
>
>
>



--
"Any Sufficiently analysed magic is indistinguishable from Science"
Agatha, Girl Genius
http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/comic.php?date=20081205



Actually, the effects of general relativity are felt on a daily basis by us folk on Terra Firma. (Spelling?) GPS satilites have to have their clocks adjusted to take it into account. Or is that the other relativity? Now I'm mixing up my relativities. (Does that mean I'm in danger of uttering an absalute? *gasp*)

I was thinking that if GPS sats have to account for all this insanity, how much more an interstellar society?

Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry

-----Original Message-----
From: Andrew Moreton
Date: Thu, 22 Jul 2010 00:02:04
Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc

> Interesting. So the effects of relativity are based on speed (relative
> to a frame of reference), not gravitational force?
>
(Sorry did not answer this on previous post) Yes. Special relativity which
is used to most of this does not involve gravity at all except as a force
like any other. In my entire special relativity course and books gravity
never comes up that would be a much later course .
From the foundation of this Einstein went on to postulate general
relativity which ties gravity into the whole thing . For any purpose in
traveller where you do not have a neutron star or similar Special realtivity
should suffice , for most purposes Newtonian mechanics work fine



On 21 Jul 2010 at 22:11, wrote:

> Yeah, it's relativity I'm trying to wrap my head around. I thought it
> would be fun to see what kind of an effect it would have in a
> Traveller setting.
>
> Let me reword the question slightly. If a ship accelerated to near-
> light speeds, using the galaxy it is in as the frame of reference,
> and then stopped accelerating and just coasted, would the effects of
> relativity (using our frame of reference) cease to distort time and
> mass?

> Or, in ortherwords, is relativity dependant on the force created by
> the acceleration of the object, on on the given speed of that object
> regardless of force?

Relativistic effects (special relativity, anyway), are *solely* a
function of relative velocity. All sacceleration does is ensure that
the accelerating body is *not* a viable "reference frame".

While accelerating, there's no doubt which frame is the accelerated
one. So it is a "special" frame (ie the rules apply differently than
to everything that's just "coasting".

> In even different words, while it may not be possible to accelerate
> *up to* the speed of light without the inconvenience of relativity,
> is it possible to *exist at* the speed of light while aging at the
> same rate as our paradoxical twin who lives at planet-bound speeds?

No.

Normal matter *cannot* be at the speed of light. And particles with
zero "rest mass" (photons, and several other things) cannot travel at
any speed *except* the speed of light.

--
Leonard Erickson (aka shadow)
shadow at shadowgard dot com



On 21 Jul 2010 at 23:00, wrote:

> HOLD THE PHONE!!! Your mass doesn't change *from your own
> perspective*!!! So the effects of relativity *do not affect you*,
> only how other's see you?

They aren't really "effects" in the sense that you are thinking.

Relativity is about the geometry of space-time.

A more "everyday" example:

Imagine you have several points marked on a sheet of paper. And you
and a friend both have ytransparent sheets of plastic marked with an
X-Y grid.

The paper is on a circular table. Each of you is asked to lay your
grid on the table with the X axis being left to right and the y axis
going away from you. Then you are to plot X-Y co-ordinates of each
point.

You both get *different* co-ordinates unless you sit at the same
spot.

But if you are asked to calculate the distances between the points
from your co-ordinate lists, you'll get the same distances:

d = sqrt((x1-x2)^2 + (y1-y2)^2)

Your corodinate axes were rotated with respect to each other (sand
had different origin point) which is why the co-ords for each of you
came out differently.

You can at a Z axis and the formula is

d = sqrt((x1-x2)^2 + (y1-y2)^2 + (z1-z2)^2)

Okay, fine.

When you add time, things get wonky. Instead of "distance" you are
measuring a quantity called "interval". And due to time being
"special" (or rather the way time is joing to space being a bit odd)
the formula gets weird.

s = sqrt((x1-x2)^2 + (y1-y2)^2 + (z1-z2)- (c*t1-c*t2)^2)

While observers may disagree as to the space and toime co-ordinates
of events, they will always agree on the interval between any pair of
events.

> So, really, *you* can go faster then light, you just can't be
> observed doing it? No, wait. In order to think of yourself moving at
> that speed you need to accelerate the universe around you to that
> speed, and if that universe is suffering from the same affect that it
> thinks you are suffering from...aaaarrrrggghh.

See https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Special_relativity

It answrs all your questions and more.

But basically you can have any *two* of these three:

1. Relativity (special relativity is *very* well tested, any
replacement would have to predict the exact same measurements for all
the observations and experiments we have)

2. FTL

3. causality (ie effects must have causes)

If you go for *strict* causality (effects must preceed causes
according to all observers) you *cannot* have FTL without throwing
out relativity.

Also, remember that formula for interval?

If you work it out for observers at different velocities, youll find
that *any* situation where you have event A (ship at starting point)
and event B (ship at destination) such that in some frame the ship
arrived faster than light could cross the distance, there will ve a
set of velocities such that those observers saw the ship arroive
before it left.

FTL is *always* time travel in at least one frame of reference.
Doesn't matter if you go thru another universe, because wat matters
are the spacetime coordinates of your departure and arribal, not
"how" you got between them.

It's possible to have FTL and preserve *global* causality, but not
"local" causality.

So in such a universe some events will be seen by some observers to
have effects that occur before the cause.

Such a universe could have causal loops (ie I did X because someone
from the future came back and told me to, but he did that because
what I did required that he come back)

But it can't have paradoxes. In fact, there are a number of papers
working from quantum physics to show that in such a universe you
*can't* change the past. Trying would result in "random" quantum
events changing probability to *force* the outcome.

Om the other hand, much like the bit where quantum states don't
"collapse" until observed, you'd be free to do what you wanted on a
trip to the past as long as you had no idea what was "supposed" to
happen (it's rather more complex than that, but that gets across the
general idea).

For example, if you *can* shoot that guy, he wasn't your grandfather.
:-)

Oh yeah, if you buld a time machine (or a time communicator) you
can't go back before the moment it was turned on for the first time.
:-)

sopme folks over on the TML worked out what it'd take to go back in
time (or send messages to the past) using Traveller tech. Doable, but
a bit of a pain. And not very useful.

> So then, I would guess that the rest of the universe would seem more
> massier? Hmmmmmm.
>
> Hang on, if your twin sees you as moving at .9c and you are seeing
> him move at .9c, why does anyone age differently?

Assume we can boost the one twin to .9 c instantly, so we don't have
to worry about how he ages *during* the acceleration.

So, at this point *each* twin sees the other aging more slowly.

So we accelerate the twin again and bring him back.

He's aged more slowly. But that's becauuse he's been accelerated
*twice* and the other hasn't. Non-symmetrical situation. If we don't
bring them together, which one is aging slower is a nonsense question
(it depends on who is observing and from where).

--
Leonard Erickson (aka shadow)
shadow at shadowgard dot com



On 21 Jul 2010 at 22:42, wrote:

> Interesting. So the effects of relativity are based on speed
> (relative to a frame of reference), not gravitational force?

Special relativity, yes.

General relativity is where you get into gravity and the like. Clocks
run slower the more space is curved (and since gravity is curvature
of space, that means that the higher the gravity, the slower time
passes).

With modern atomic clocks you can actually *measure* the difference
between the top and bottom of a medium sized building.

> Well, that brings up another question: if gravity distorts time
> measurements, are you under the effects of both that and the speed
> you're moving at (relative to your observer? Or, is that what
> einstine said were actually the same?

You are unaffected by the speed you are moving at. If you are moving
relative to another observer *both* of yopu see the other's clock as
running slower.

And you are both right.

Only if one of you accelerates (changes velocity) does the symmettry
break. Which is how the travelling twin winds up younger whjen he
meets the stay at home twin.

--
Leonard Erickson (aka shadow)
shadow at shadowgard dot com



Okay, a couple of people have now mentioned something about acceleration
causing one frame of reference to be ‘more absolute’ then another (for
lack of a better way to say it). Such that if one person accelerates and
then decelerates, the frame of reference that did not accelerate is the
‘right’ one and the one that did accelerate accelerated out of the ‘right’
frame in then back into the same frame causing the twins to age
differently. Normally I would accept that. (I am not nearly smart enough
to not accept it.) However, an example I found online while reading up on
all this is making me wonder. (Though, I may have just not been “hearing”
the explanation people were trying to give right.)

I forget what exactly it was trying to explain, but the example went like so:

If you have a platform you can rotate and you place a plate of milk on it,
and then spin the platform, the milk will slosh out of the plate as the
pull of the force (acceleration/simulated gravity) pulls it out of the
plate. If, however, you have the same platform with the same plate of
milk on it and you spin the rest of the universe...the milk will still
slosh out over the edges as you accelerate everything around you.

So there is still no ‘right’ frame of reference, and there is still no way
to tell which accelerated and then decelerated: the universe or the
platform. However, the effect was the same in that the milk sloshed out
over the edge of the plate towards the rest of the universe. I think
that’s what’s throwing me off; I can’t see why the effect would be the
same regardless of what did the accelerating.

Thank you everyone for all your responses with this. It’s been a big
help. I still have a ways to go before I “get it”, but I am definitely
closer than I was a week ago.




Hi,

The short answer is that relativity has very little to do with
Traveller space travel. Have a look at the logic below. You may
need your calculators out...

wrote:

The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones
of thrust,
is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship
= 1,000
tonnes of thrust, right?

That is right.

Newton’s Laws of Motion state:

1. An object at rest tends to remain at rest until acted
upon by a force.

2. An object in motion at velocity (speed = v) with a
vector (indicating direction) tends to remain in motion until
acted upon by a force.

3. An object (mass m) acted upon by a force (F) undergoes
an acceleration (a) that has the same direction as the force and
a magnitude directly proportional to the mass, where F=ma.

4. The forces between two objects that are interacting are
equal and opposite F and -F.



Acceleration may be simplified as the rate of change of velocity
with respect to time:

a=dv/dt or acceleration = velocity/time

A very simplistic look at the theory of relativity...

But first some premises need to be established... An object (such
as a 100 tonne spaceship) is drifting in space. The Force
perceived by the captain of the spaceship is zero. There are no
net forces acting and the ship has a nett velocity w.r.t the
universe of zero.

Just as an aside, the 100-ton starship of the Traveller universe,
is actually 100 displacement tons of liquid Hydrogen .This is the
volume displaced by a hundred tons of liquid hydrogen. The value
for which is approx. 1400 cubic meters. The actual ship probably
masses somewhere between 800 and 1400 tonnes depending on the
premises used by the designer. So, back to the 100 tonne
‘starship’.

So, the energy needed to accelerate the 100 tonne starship at 1 G
is 1000 tonnes of thrust where G = 10 m/s/s. Continuing this
line, the energy required to accelerate the ship at 2 G is 2000
tonnes of thrust, where G = 10 meters/second/second.

A 1 kg body acted upon by a force of equal to 1 N, will
accelerate at 1 m/s/s, where N = Newton. The units of a Newton
are: 1N = 1 kg m/s/s.

Thus a 100 ton starship acted upon by 100 tons of force will
accelerate at 1 m/s/s, assuming the sum of all other forces are
equal to zero.

Just a quick check of units for those that are confused:

If a 100 tonne starship described above is acted upon by a 1
Newton force, it will accelerate away at 1x10^-5 meters/sec./
sec. That is 0.1 of a millimetre per second squared. It will
continue to accelerate until the force is removed.

F = ma

1 N = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 1 x10^-5 m/s/s

If the 100 tonne starship is acted upon by 10,000 N force, it
will accelerate at 0.1G, 1 meters per second squared until the
force is removed.

F = ma

100,000 = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 1 m/s/s

If the 100 tonne starship is acted upon by 1,000,000 N force, it
will accelerate at 1G, 10 m/s/s.

F = ma

1,000,000 N = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 10 m/s/s

A million Newtons of force is a thousand tonnes of thrust.

1,000,000 N = 1000 kg x 1000 m/s/s x 1 tonne/1000kg

1,000,000 N = 1000 tonne x 1 m/s/s



I hope I haven’t lost you.

Another aside, Gravity on earth as you all know is approx 9.82
m/s/s and for traveller purposes we round to 10 m/s/s. So, the
ship acted upon by 1000 tons of thrust moves off with
acceleration of 1 G.



Moving along,

Assume the ship undergoes 1 G acceleration all week (168 hours)
perhaps if it had thrusters instead of HEPlaR.

Now, 168 hours is equal to 168hours x 60 mins/hour x 60 secs/min
= 604800 seconds

According to Newton’s classical laws of motion

S = ut + ½ a t^2

S= So + ut + ½at^2

V=u+at

V^2= u^2 + 2as

Where s = distance in meters, V = final velocity in m/s, u =
initial velocity, a = acceleration, t = seconds.



Substituting into the appropriate equation:

V = u + at where a = 10 m/s/s + t = 604800 s

V = 6,048,000 m/s

So velocity = 6,048 km/s, a little over six thousand km per
second. That is 30,000 km (1 hex) every 4.96 seconds. While this
is very fast in real terms it is only a fraction of the speed of
light and so relativistic effects are minimal

Remember that c (speed of light) = 300,000 km/s. That is 10 hexes
per second.

So, after a week of maneuver at 1G, the ship is travelling at a
relative speed of 0.02 c.

The ship would need to accelerate at 1G for over 40 weeks before
it starts to approach relativistic speeds (0.8 of c and above).
The ship would need to decelerate for an equivalent (if not
equal) time frame to land on an orbiting planet, as orbiting
planets actually move pretty quickly (of the order of tens of
thousands of km per hour).

I’m sure you would agree that this is an impossible task
for ships in a Traveller universe.

Onwards, the (now even more hypothetical) ship accelerates for
nearly a year at 1G

As the ship approaches relativistic speeds (>0.8 c):

Mass increases, length decreases along the axis of movement, and
time dilates.

(See Special Theory of Relativity in wikipedia for formulas)




So at v = 0.8 c, the Lorentz factor Gamma (γ) = 2.777
recurring

So at v = 0.9 c, Gamma (γ) = 5.263 (4 significant figures)

So at v = 0.99 c, Gamma (γ) =50.2 (3 sig figs)

Thus the mass being accelerated increases sharply as you approach
closer to the speed of light.

Therefore the force required to accelerate the mass, as it
approaches the speed of light also increases sharply.



See Mass in special relativity in wiki:



<> wrote:

Let me reword the question slightly. If a ship accelerated to
near-light speeds, using the galaxy it is in as the frame of
reference, and then stopped accelerating and just coasted, would
the effects of relativity (using our frame of reference) cease to
distort time and mass?

Or, in ortherwords, is relativity dependant on the force created
by the acceleration of the object, on on the given speed of that
object regardless of force?



The answer to both these questions is not a simple Yes or No. The
relativistic effects affecting mass and time are related to the
velocity of the body relative to an observer. I think that it has
been accepted that It becomes more ‘difficult’ to
increase velocity by acceleration as speeds approach the speed of
light due to the Lorentz effect. Moreover the momentum of the
body affects the relativistic mass of the body according to gamma
defined above. Remember momentum is defined as mass multiplied by
velocity.

So finally, relativistic effects on mass and time may be
generally ignored because even at 6G acceleration it would take
many, many weeks of acceleration before you approach relativistic
speeds. And once you get there it becomes exceedingly difficult
to increase velocity due to these effects.

I hope that this sheds at least some light on these interesting
questions.

These questions do tend to raise some interesting in-game
questions though...

Our intrepid adventurers, tripping along at the best part of the
speed of light now have a significant chance of encountering
micro-meteors and other space debris instead of the usual
infinitesimally small chance that becomes the referee’s
plot device. Of course this chance should be left in the Trav
referee’s domain.

Regards,

Craige Cook

On Thu Jul 22 4:36 , sent:



Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in
relation to
required energy/mass? There’s something I’m not
understanding. Here’s a
sample situation:

A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it
got there
is irrelevant). It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at
whatever G’s
its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only
person on
board). The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular
direction
(which direction is not important).

Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is
nothing at
all, right?

The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones
of thrust,
is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship
= 1,000
tonnes of thrust, right?

Okay, let’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed;
say 1,000 km
per hour (it doesn’t really matter). How much energy is
required to
remain at that speed? I would assume none as the ship would
simply be
drifting. (I’m not concerned at all about the resistance of
the particles
in space, and the ship is far enough away from all bodies of
gravity that
it doesn’t have to worry about that.)

Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G,
how much
thrust will he need? It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again,
right? If
so, 1G of acceleration should require the same amount of thrust,
no matter
what speed the ship is initially traveling at.

Am I right or wrong so far? Are my assumptions correct?

Now for something slightly different. Einstein said that the
force of
gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you
accelerate.
So, if that’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be
near a source of
gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is
accelerating it
*is* a source of gravity. This gravity, however, would only be
present
when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?

Okay, assuming I’m correct so far, apparently things start
to change (or,
at least become noticeable) when you begin to approach the speed
of light.

Wait. The *speed* of light? Hmmmm. No, I’m going to ignore
that thought
for now.

So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to
change.
Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers
depending
on how you measure it). The faster you go, the more mass you
have. No no
no, that can’t be right. Going a certain speed does not
require any
energy at all. Only accelerating up to that speed requires
energy.
Right?

This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light
speeds, and
then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while,
while it
is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not
being any
gravity well when coasting) and the ship’s mass is 100
tonnes because it’s
not using any energy to accelerate.

So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started
to
accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?

I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I don’t know
what one.
Can anyone help?

- Daryl





Wonderful! I love the math, and seeing it laid out like that helps me to see the general principles at work. However, there is one minor point that I'm not sure I fully agree with: the first sentence re relativity not having an impact in the TU.

Granted, you did say it wouldn't have *much* of an impact, a clarification I appretiate, but I do think it would have some impact. Especially if General relativity is taken into account and not just special relativity.

So far, the biggest impact that I can see it having is the same impact we see today with the GPS satelites having to recalibrate their clocks due the distance they are from earth's gravity, in order to keep the clocks in sync with our clocks on the planets surface. Not much of an impact, and there's no real reason it should affect game mechanics, but it would be a great background element to include in a campain simply for flavour.

What I'm thinking is that, with so many different worlds, each with different levels of gravity, the clocks on each will be out of sync with each other. Only slightly, granted, but if the effect is pronounced enough that we have to take it into consideration today, how much more will we have to take it into consideration in a future where a substancial portion of the population lives almost exclusively in a zero-G environment?

As far as such a setting is concerned I would think the easiest thing to do would be to take an atomic clock (or the fututre equivelant) out into an area of space which is the least affected by gravity and use that as your baseline for a galaxy-wide time system. All worlds would have their clocks adjusted to this zero-G atomic clock, each measuring a second slightly differently with spaceships using the zero-G time as their base measurement. A ship's computer would then need to adjust all the on-board clocks as the ship approached a source of gravity, or even -possibly?- as the ship itself accelerated generating artificial gravity. This would likely be especially true for ships with higher acceleration ratings (4G+).

All this would be done automatically by the on-board computers, but what happens when said computer isn't working right (or even when said computer is infected with Virus)? I imagine that, then, the ship's crew would need to reset their watches given whatever environment they would be operating in.

Not sure about all this. Maybe. Anyone have any thoughts about it? Anyone 'know' what the effects of contra-grav or grav-compensation technologies would be in these terms?


Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry

-----Original Message-----
From: Craige Cook
Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2010 10:30:05
Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc

 




Hi,
The short answer is that relativity has very little to do with Traveller space travel. Have a look at the logic below. You may need your calculators out...
 wrote:
The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of thrust,
is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
tonnes of thrust, right?
That is right.
Newton’s Laws of Motion state:
1.       An object at rest tends to remain at rest until acted upon by a force.
2.       An object in motion at velocity (speed = v) with a vector (indicating direction) tends to remain in motion until acted upon by a force.
3.       An object (mass m) acted upon by a force (F) undergoes an acceleration (a) that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude directly proportional to the mass, where F=ma.
4.       The forces between two objects that are interacting are equal and opposite F and -F.
 
Acceleration may be simplified as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time:    
a=dv/dt or acceleration = velocity/time
A very simplistic look at the theory of relativity...
But first some premises need to be established... An object (such as a 100 tonne spaceship) is drifting in space. The Force perceived by the captain of the spaceship is zero. There are no net forces acting and the ship has a nett velocity w.r.t the universe of zero.
Just as an aside, the 100-ton starship of the Traveller universe, is actually 100 displacement tons of liquid Hydrogen .This is the volume displaced by a hundred tons of liquid hydrogen. The value for which is approx. 1400 cubic meters. The actual ship probably masses somewhere between 800 and 1400 tonnes depending on the premises used by the designer. So, back to the 100 tonne ‘starship’.
So, the energy needed to accelerate the 100 tonne starship at 1 G is 1000 tonnes of thrust where G = 10 m/s/s. Continuing this line, the energy required to accelerate the ship at 2 G is 2000 tonnes of thrust, where G = 10 meters/second/second.
A 1 kg body acted upon by a force of equal to 1 N, will accelerate at 1 m/s/s, where N = Newton. The units of a Newton are: 1N = 1 kg m/s/s.
Thus a 100 ton starship acted upon by 100 tons of force will accelerate at 1 m/s/s, assuming the sum of all other forces are equal to zero.
Just a quick check of units for those that are confused:
If a 100 tonne starship described above is acted upon by a 1 Newton force, it will accelerate away at 1x10^-5 meters/sec./ sec. That is 0.1 of a millimetre per second squared. It will continue to accelerate until the force is removed.
F = ma
1 N = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 1 x10^-5 m/s/s
If the 100 tonne starship is acted upon by 10,000 N force, it will accelerate at 0.1G, 1 meters per second squared until the force is removed.
F = ma
100,000 = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 1 m/s/s
If the 100 tonne starship is acted upon by 1,000,000 N force, it will accelerate at 1G, 10 m/s/s.
F = ma
1,000,000 N = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 10 m/s/s
A million Newtons of force is a thousand tonnes of thrust.
1,000,000 N = 1000 kg x 1000 m/s/s x 1 tonne/1000kg
1,000,000 N = 1000 tonne x 1 m/s/s
 
I hope I haven’t lost you.
Another aside, Gravity on earth as you all know is approx 9.82 m/s/s and for traveller purposes we round to 10 m/s/s. So, the ship acted upon by 1000 tons of thrust moves off with acceleration of 1 G.
 
Moving along,
Assume the ship undergoes 1 G acceleration all week (168 hours) perhaps if it had thrusters instead of HEPlaR.
Now, 168 hours is equal to 168hours  x 60 mins/hour x 60 secs/min = 604800 seconds
According to Newton’s classical laws of motion
S = ut + ½ a t^2
S= So + ut + ½at^2
V=u+at
V^2= u^2 + 2as
Where s = distance in meters, V = final velocity in m/s, u = initial velocity, a = acceleration, t = seconds.
 
Substituting into the appropriate equation:
V = u + at where a = 10 m/s/s + t = 604800 s
V = 6,048,000 m/s
So velocity = 6,048 km/s, a little over six thousand km per second. That is 30,000 km (1 hex) every 4.96 seconds. While this is very fast in real terms it is only a fraction of the speed of light and so relativistic effects are minimal
Remember that c (speed of light) = 300,000 km/s. That is 10 hexes per second.
So, after a week of maneuver at 1G, the ship is travelling at a relative speed of 0.02 c.
The ship would need to accelerate at 1G for over 40 weeks before it starts to approach relativistic speeds (0.8 of c and above). The ship would need to decelerate for an equivalent (if not equal) time frame to land on an orbiting planet, as orbiting planets actually move pretty quickly (of the order of tens of thousands of km per hour).
I’m sure you would agree that this is an impossible task for ships in a Traveller universe.
Onwards, the (now even more hypothetical) ship accelerates for nearly a year at 1G
As the ship approaches relativistic speeds (>0.8 c):
Mass increases, length decreases along the axis of movement, and time dilates.
(See Special Theory of Relativity in wikipedia for formulas)


So at v = 0.8 c, the Lorentz factor Gamma (γ) = 2.777 recurring
So at v = 0.9 c, Gamma (γ) = 5.263 (4 significant figures)
So at v = 0.99 c, Gamma (γ) =50.2 (3 sig figs)
Thus the mass being accelerated increases sharply as you approach closer to the speed of light.
Therefore the force required to accelerate the mass, as it approaches the speed of light also increases sharply.
 
See Mass in special relativity in wiki:
 
wrote:
Let me reword the question slightly. If a ship accelerated to near-light speeds, using the galaxy it is in as the frame of reference, and then stopped accelerating and just coasted, would the effects of relativity (using our frame of reference) cease to distort time and mass?

Or, in ortherwords, is relativity dependant on the force created by the acceleration of the object, on on the given speed of that object regardless of force?
&nbsp;
The answer to both these questions is not a simple Yes or No. The relativistic effects affecting mass and time are related to the velocity of the body relative to an observer. I think that it has been accepted that It becomes more ‘difficult’ to increase velocity by acceleration as speeds approach the speed of light due to the Lorentz effect.&nbsp; Moreover the momentum of the body affects the relativistic mass of the body according to gamma defined above. Remember momentum is defined as mass multiplied by velocity.
So finally, relativistic effects on mass and time may be generally ignored because even at 6G acceleration it would take many, many weeks of acceleration before you approach relativistic speeds. And once you get there it becomes exceedingly difficult to increase velocity due to these effects.
I hope that this sheds at least some light on these interesting questions.
These questions do tend to raise some interesting in-game questions though...
Our intrepid adventurers, tripping along at the best part of the speed of light now have a significant chance of encountering micro-meteors and other space debris instead of the usual infinitesimally small chance that becomes the referee’s plot device. Of course this chance should be left in the Trav referee’s domain.
Regards,

Craige Cook

On Thu Jul 22 4:36 , sent:


&nbsp;

Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in relation to
required energy/mass? There’s something I’m not understanding. Here’s a
sample situation:

A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it got there
is irrelevant). It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at whatever G’s
its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only person on
board). The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular direction
(which direction is not important).

Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is nothing at
all, right?

The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of thrust,
is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
tonnes of thrust, right?

Okay, let’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed; say 1,000 km
per hour (it doesn’t really matter). How much energy is required to
remain at that speed? I would assume none as the ship would simply be
drifting. (I’m not concerned at all about the resistance of the particles
in space, and the ship is far enough away from all bodies of gravity that
it doesn’t have to worry about that.)

Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G, how much
thrust will he need? It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again, right? If
so, 1G of acceleration should require the same amount of thrust, no matter
what speed the ship is initially traveling at.

Am I right or wrong so far? Are my assumptions correct?

Now for something slightly different. Einstein said that the force of
gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you accelerate.
So, if that’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be near a source of
gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is accelerating it
*is* a source of gravity. This gravity, however, would only be present
when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?

Okay, assuming I’m correct so far, apparently things start to change (or,
at least become noticeable) when you begin to approach the speed of light.

Wait. The *speed* of light? Hmmmm. No, I’m going to ignore that thought
for now.

So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to change.
Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers depending
on how you measure it). The faster you go, the more mass you have. No no
no, that can’t be right. Going a certain speed does not require any
energy at all. Only accelerating up to that speed requires energy.
Right?

This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light speeds, and
then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while, while it
is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not being any
gravity well when coasting) and the ship’s mass is 100 tonnes because it’s
not using any energy to accelerate.

So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started to
accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?

I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I don’t know what one.
Can anyone help?

- Daryl










That would only be "necessary" as you describe if there is some reason for keeping everything on such a tight time schedule.  With the atomic clocks & GPS etc the primary thing is the communications networks and particularly the higher data rates being used today.  Tieing all the different atomic clocks together helps keep things running smoothly.  However, in the galaxy wide net you do not have the smooth communications of Star Trek and Star Wars but rather a through-back to the days of sail with communications from star system to star system being at the rate of the fastest ship, just as it was in the days of sail and wooden ships on olde Terra. 
 
Once the ship has arrived in system however, the local data nets again have a need for precise timing.  What can flavor the game more here is that the ship needs to sync it's communications & timing to the local system - without compromising its own internal systemry.  So the J6 mail-boat arrives in system, does its comms get through via radio or do they have a timing glitch and have to haul it in and manually port the comms through?
How would that be done?  Cable v Radio, but maybe the timing on the boat is really out and then they have to physically plug (unplug?) memory modules and transfer them over to a working system.  (Gotta be a reason for those 1000t service ships after all - brain glitch in progress and I can't remembe r what the J6 or the service vessels are called at the moment) .... so just how fast is the word of your latest piratical attack going to spread?
 
T

--- On Fri, 7/23/10, <> wrote:

From: <>
Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
To:
Date: Friday, July 23, 2010, 9:40 AM

 

Wonderful! I love the math, and seeing it laid out like that helps me to see the general principles at work. However, there is one minor point that I'm not sure I fully agree with: the first sentence re relativity not having an impact in the TU.

Granted, you did say it wouldn't have *much* of an impact, a clarification I appretiate, but I do think it would have some impact. Especially if General relativity is taken into account and not just special relativity.

So far, the biggest impact that I can see it having is the same impact we see today with the GPS satelites having to recalibrate their clocks due the distance they are from earth's gravity, in order to keep the clocks in sync with our clocks on the planets surface. Not much of an impact, and there's no real reason it should affect game mechanics, but it would be a great background element to include in a campain simply for flavour.

What I'm thinking is that, with so many different worlds, each with different levels of gravity, the clocks on each will be out of sync with each other. Only slightly, granted, but if the effect is pronounced enough that we have to take it into consideration today, how much more will we have to take it into consideration in a future where a substancial portion of the population lives almost exclusively in a zero-G environment?

As far as such a setting is concerned I would think the easiest thing to do would be to take an atomic clock (or the fututre equivelant) out into an area of space which is the least affected by gravity and use that as your baseline for a galaxy-wide time system. All worlds would have their clocks adjusted to this zero-G atomic clock, each measuring a second slightly differently with spaceships using the zero-G time as their base measurement. A ship's computer would then need to adjust all the on-board clocks as the ship approached a source of gravity, or even -possibly?- as the ship itself accelerated generating artificial gravity. This would likely be especially true for ships with higher acceleration ratings (4G+).

All this would be done automatically by the on-board computers, but what happens when said computer isn't working right (or even when said computer is infected with Virus)? I imagine that, then, the ship's crew would need to reset their watches given whatever environment they would be operating in.

Not sure about all this. Maybe. Anyone have any thoughts about it? Anyone 'know' what the effects of contra-grav or grav-compensation technologies would be in these terms?

Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry

From: Craige Cook <>
Sender:
Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2010 10:30:05 +0800
To: <>
ReplyTo:
Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/ mass/energy/ etc

 

Hi,
The short answer is that relativity has very little to do with Traveller space travel. Have a look at the logic below. You may need your calculators out...
 wrote:
The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of thrust,
is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
tonnes of thrust, right?
That is right.
Newton’s Laws of Motion state:
1.       An object at rest tends to remain at rest until acted upon by a force.
2.       An object in motion at velocity (speed = v) with a vector (indicating direction) tends to remain in motion until acted upon by a force.
3.       An object (mass m) acted upon by a force (F) undergoes an acceleration (a) that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude directly proportional to the mass, where F=ma.
4.       The forces between two objects that are interacting are equal and opposite F and -F.
 
Acceleration may be simplified as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time:    
a=dv/dt or acceleration = velocity/time
A very simplistic look at the theory of relativity.. .
But first some premises need to be established. .. An object (such as a 100 tonne spaceship) is drifting in space. The Force perceived by the captain of the spaceship is zero. There are no net forces acting and the ship has a nett velocity w.r.t the universe of zero.
Just as an aside, the 100-ton starship of the Traveller universe, is actually 100 displacement tons of liquid Hydrogen .This is the volume displaced by a hundred tons of liquid hydrogen. The value for which is approx. 1400 cubic meters. The actual ship probably masses somewhere between 800 and 1400 tonnes depending on the premises used by the designer. So, back to the 100 tonne ‘starship’.
So, the energy needed to accelerate the 100 tonne starship at 1 G is 1000 tonnes of thrust where G = 10 m/s/s. Continuing this line, the energy required to accelerate the ship at 2 G is 2000 tonnes of thrust, where G = 10 meters/second/ second.
A 1 kg body acted upon by a force of equal to 1 N, will accelerate at 1 m/s/s, where N = Newton. The units of a Newton are: 1N = 1 kg m/s/s.
Thus a 100 ton starship acted upon by 100 tons of force will accelerate at 1 m/s/s, assuming the sum of all other forces are equal to zero.
Just a quick check of units for those that are confused:
If a 100 tonne starship described above is acted upon by a 1 Newton force, it will accelerate away at 1x10^-5 meters/sec./ sec. That is 0.1 of a millimetre per second squared. It will continue to accelerate until the force is removed.
F = ma
1 N = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 1 x10^-5 m/s/s
If the 100 tonne starship is acted upon by 10,000 N force, it will accelerate at 0.1G, 1 meters per second squared until the force is removed.
F = ma
100,000 = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 1 m/s/s
If the 100 tonne starship is acted upon by 1,000,000 N force, it will accelerate at 1G, 10 m/s/s.
F = ma
1,000,000 N = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 10 m/s/s
A million Newtons of force is a thousand tonnes of thrust.
1,000,000 N = 1000 kg x 1000 m/s/s x 1 tonne/1000kg
1,000,000 N = 1000 tonne x 1 m/s/s
 
I hope I haven’t lost you.
Another aside, Gravity on earth as you all know is approx 9.82 m/s/s and for traveller purposes we round to 10 m/s/s. So, the ship acted upon by 1000 tons of thrust moves off with acceleration of 1 G.
 
Moving along,
Assume the ship undergoes 1 G acceleration all week (168 hours) perhaps if it had thrusters instead of HEPlaR.
Now, 168 hours is equal to 168hours  x 60 mins/hour x 60 secs/min = 604800 seconds
According to Newton’s classical laws of motion
S = ut + ½ a t^2
S= So + ut + ½at^2
V=u+at
V^2= u^2 + 2as
Where s = distance in meters, V = final velocity in m/s, u = initial velocity, a = acceleration, t = seconds.
 
Substituting into the appropriate equation:
V = u + at where a = 10 m/s/s + t = 604800 s
V = 6,048,000 m/s
So velocity = 6,048 km/s, a little over six thousand km per second. That is 30,000 km (1 hex) every 4.96 seconds. While this is very fast in real terms it is only a fraction of the speed of light and so relativistic effects are minimal
Remember that c (speed of light) = 300,000 km/s. That is 10 hexes per second.
So, after a week of maneuver at 1G, the ship is travelling at a relative speed of 0.02 c.
The ship would need to accelerate at 1G for over 40 weeks before it starts to approach relativistic speeds (0.8 of c and above). The ship would need to decelerate for an equivalent (if not equal) time frame to land on an orbiting planet, as orbiting planets actually move pretty quickly (of the order of tens of thousands of km per hour).
I’m sure you would agree that this is an impossible task for ships in a Traveller universe.
Onwards, the (now even more hypothetical) ship accelerates for nearly a year at 1G
As the ship approaches relativistic speeds (>0.8 c):
Mass increases, length decreases along the axis of movement, and time dilates.
(See Special Theory of Relativity in wikipedia for formulas)

So at v = 0.8 c, the Lorentz factor Gamma (γ) = 2.777 recurring
So at v = 0.9 c, Gamma (γ) = 5.263 (4 significant figures)
So at v = 0.99 c, Gamma (γ) =50.2 (3 sig figs)
Thus the mass being accelerated increases sharply as you approach closer to the speed of light.
Therefore the force required to accelerate the mass, as it approaches the speed of light also increases sharply.
 
See Mass in special relativity in wiki:
 
wrote:
Let me reword the question slightly. If a ship accelerated to near-light speeds, using the galaxy it is in as the frame of reference, and then stopped accelerating and just coasted, would the effects of relativity (using our frame of reference) cease to distort time and mass?

Or, in ortherwords, is relativity dependant on the force created by the acceleration of the object, on on the given speed of that object regardless of force?
 
The answer to both these questions is not a simple Yes or No. The relativistic effects affecting mass and time are related to the velocity of the body relative to an observer. I think that it has been accepted that It becomes more ‘difficult’ to increase velocity by acceleration as speeds approach the speed of light due to the Lorentz effect.  Moreover the momentum of the body affects the relativistic mass of the body according to gamma defined above. Remember momentum is defined as mass multiplied by velocity.
So finally, relativistic effects on mass and time may be generally ignored because even at 6G acceleration it would take many, many weeks of acceleration before you approach relativistic speeds. And once you get there it becomes exceedingly difficult to increase velocity due to these effects.
I hope that this sheds at least some light on these interesting questions.
These questions do tend to raise some interesting in-game questions though...
Our intrepid adventurers, tripping along at the best part of the speed of light now have a significant chance of encountering micro-meteors and other space debris instead of the usual infinitesimally small chance that becomes the referee’s plot device. Of course this chance should be left in the Trav referee’s domain.
Regards,

Craige Cook

On Thu Jul 22 4:36 , sent:

 

Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in relation to
required energy/mass? ThereÂ’s something IÂ’m not understanding. HereÂ’s a
sample situation:

A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it got there
is irrelevant). It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at whatever GÂ’s
its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only person on
board). The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular direction
(which direction is not important).

Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is nothing at
all, right?

The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of thrust,
is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
tonnes of thrust, right?

Okay, letÂ’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed; say 1,000 km
per hour (it doesnÂ’t really matter). How much energy is required to
remain at that speed? I would assume none as the ship would simply be
drifting. (IÂ’m not concerned at all about the resistance of the particles
in space, and the ship is far enough away from all bodies of gravity that
it doesnÂ’t have to worry about that.)

Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G, how much
thrust will he need? It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again, right? If
so, 1G of acceleration should require the same amount of thrust, no matter
what speed the ship is initially traveling at.

Am I right or wrong so far? Are my assumptions correct?

Now for something slightly different. Einstein said that the force of
gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you accelerate.
So, if thatÂ’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be near a source of
gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is accelerating it
*is* a source of gravity. This gravity, however, would only be present
when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?

Okay, assuming IÂ’m correct so far, apparently things start to change (or,
at least become noticeable) when you begin to approach the speed of light.

Wait. The *speed* of light? Hmmmm. No, IÂ’m going to ignore that thought
for now.

So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to change.
Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers depending
on how you measure it). The faster you go, the more mass you have. No no
no, that canÂ’t be right. Going a certain speed does not require any
energy at all. Only accelerating up to that speed requires energy.
Right?

This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light speeds, and
then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while, while it
is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not being any
gravity well when coasting) and the shipÂ’s mass is 100 tonnes because itÂ’s
not using any energy to accelerate.

So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started to
accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?

I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I donÂ’t know what one.
Can anyone help?

- Daryl



X-Boats and X-Boat Tenders, as best I recall

--- On Fri, 7/23/10, Tim O'Reilly <> wrote:

(Gotta be a reason for those 1000t service ships after all - brain glitch in progress and I can't remembe r what the J6 or the service vessels are called at the moment)
 


that's them - thanks
T

--- On Fri, 7/23/10, Jim <> wrote:

From: Jim <>
Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
To:
Date: Friday, July 23, 2010, 10:51 AM

 

X-Boats and X-Boat Tenders, as best I recall

--- On Fri, 7/23/10, Tim O'Reilly <> wrote:

(Gotta be a reason for those 1000t service ships after all - brain glitch in progress and I can't remembe r what the J6 or the service vessels are called at the moment)
 



Just after a ship with a peace-loving virus enters a system:

Halio: “I have been monitoring the time very closely David, and I can
assure you that time has not changed since we left.”

David: “I told you to call me Dave, Halio. And the time actually *has*
changed, but we couldn’t see it.”

Halio: “Your name is David. And no, David, the time has not changed. I
would have observed such a phenomenon as I am able to perceive even slight
derivations in the space/time continuum.”

David: Removes a side panel on the main computer. “How many times do I
have to say this? You are your own frame of reference and, therefore
cannot actually perceive the distortions. Why do you think you can’t
communicate with the satellites here? And you don’t have to call people
by their full name.”

Haio: “What are you doing David? I told you that there was no distortion.
I would surmise that there must have been a localized time distortion
here prior to our arrival which caused all the clocks in the
communications satellites to be out of sync. And what would you say if I
asked you to call me ‘Hal’?”

David: Groans.

Halio: “David, stop that. I told you there is no need for this.”

David: Removes a memory card and checks the readouts.

Halio: “David? Please stop? Da...vid? D...a...ve?”

> That would only be "necessary" as you describe if there is some reason for
> keeping everything on such a tight time schedule.  With the atomic clocks
> & GPS etc the primary thing is the communications networks and
> particularly the higher data rates being used today.  Tieing all the
> different atomic clocks together helps keep things running smoothly. 
> However, in the galaxy wide net you do not have the smooth communications
> of Star Trek and Star Wars but rather a through-back to the days of sail
> with communications from star system to star system being at the rate of
> the fastest ship, just as it was in the days of sail and wooden ships on
> olde Terra. 
>  
> Once the ship has arrived in system however, the local data nets again
> have a need for precise timing.  What can flavor the game more here is
> that the ship needs to sync it's communications & timing to the local
> system - without compromising its own internal systemry.  So the J6
> mail-boat arrives in system, does its comms get through via radio or do
> they have a timing glitch and have to haul it in and manually port the
> comms through?
> How would that be done?  Cable v Radio, but maybe the timing on the boat
> is really out and then they have to physically plug (unplug?) memory
> modules and transfer them over to a working system.  (Gotta be a reason
> for those 1000t service ships after all - brain glitch in progress and I
> can't remembe r what the J6 or the service vessels are called at the
> moment) .... so just how fast is the word of your latest piratical attack
> going to spread?
>  
> T
>
> --- On Fri, 7/23/10, <> wrote:
>
>
> From: <>
> Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
> To:
> Date: Friday, July 23, 2010, 9:40 AM
>
>
>  
>
>
>
> Wonderful! I love the math, and seeing it laid out like that helps me to
> see the general principles at work. However, there is one minor point that
> I'm not sure I fully agree with: the first sentence re relativity not
> having an impact in the TU.
>
> Granted, you did say it wouldn't have *much* of an impact, a clarification
> I appretiate, but I do think it would have some impact. Especially if
> General relativity is taken into account and not just special relativity.
>
> So far, the biggest impact that I can see it having is the same impact we
> see today with the GPS satelites having to recalibrate their clocks due
> the distance they are from earth's gravity, in order to keep the clocks in
> sync with our clocks on the planets surface. Not much of an impact, and
> there's no real reason it should affect game mechanics, but it would be a
> great background element to include in a campain simply for flavour.
>
> What I'm thinking is that, with so many different worlds, each with
> different levels of gravity, the clocks on each will be out of sync with
> each other. Only slightly, granted, but if the effect is pronounced enough
> that we have to take it into consideration today, how much more will we
> have to take it into consideration in a future where a substancial portion
> of the population lives almost exclusively in a zero-G environment?
>
> As far as such a setting is concerned I would think the easiest thing to
> do would be to take an atomic clock (or the fututre equivelant) out into
> an area of space which is the least affected by gravity and use that as
> your baseline for a galaxy-wide time system. All worlds would have their
> clocks adjusted to this zero-G atomic clock, each measuring a second
> slightly differently with spaceships using the zero-G time as their base
> measurement. A ship's computer would then need to adjust all the on-board
> clocks as the ship approached a source of gravity, or even -possibly?- as
> the ship itself accelerated generating artificial gravity. This would
> likely be especially true for ships with higher acceleration ratings
> (4G+).
>
> All this would be done automatically by the on-board computers, but what
> happens when said computer isn't working right (or even when said computer
> is infected with Virus)? I imagine that, then, the ship's crew would need
> to reset their watches given whatever environment they would be operating
> in.
>
> Not sure about all this. Maybe. Anyone have any thoughts about it? Anyone
> 'know' what the effects of contra-grav or grav-compensation technologies
> would be in these terms?
>
>
> Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry
>
>
> From: Craige Cook <>
> Sender:
> Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2010 10:30:05 +0800
> To: <>
> ReplyTo:
> Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/ mass/energy/ etc
>
>  
>
>
> Hi,
> The short answer is that relativity has very little to do with Traveller
> space travel. Have a look at the logic below. You may need your
> calculators out...
>  wrote:
> The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of thrust,
> is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
> tonnes of thrust, right?
> That is right.
> Newton’s Laws of Motion state:
> 1.       An object at rest tends to remain at rest until acted upon
> by a force.
> 2.       An object in motion at velocity (speed = v) with a vector
> (indicating direction) tends to remain in motion until acted upon by a
> force.
> 3.       An object (mass m) acted upon by a force (F) undergoes an
> acceleration (a) that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude
> directly proportional to the mass, where F=ma.
> 4.       The forces between two objects that are interacting are
> equal and opposite F and -F.
>  
> Acceleration may be simplified as the rate of change of velocity with
> respect to time:    
> a=dv/dt or acceleration = velocity/time
> A very simplistic look at the theory of relativity.. .
> But first some premises need to be established. .. An object (such as a
> 100 tonne spaceship) is drifting in space. The Force perceived by the
> captain of the spaceship is zero. There are no net forces acting and the
> ship has a nett velocity w.r.t the universe of zero.
> Just as an aside, the 100-ton starship of the Traveller universe, is
> actually 100 displacement tons of liquid Hydrogen .This is the volume
> displaced by a hundred tons of liquid hydrogen. The value for which is
> approx. 1400 cubic meters. The actual ship probably masses somewhere
> between 800 and 1400 tonnes depending on the premises used by the
> designer. So, back to the 100 tonne ‘starship’.
> So, the energy needed to accelerate the 100 tonne starship at 1 G is 1000
> tonnes of thrust where G = 10 m/s/s. Continuing this line, the energy
> required to accelerate the ship at 2 G is 2000 tonnes of thrust, where G =
> 10 meters/second/ second.
> A 1 kg body acted upon by a force of equal to 1 N, will accelerate at 1
> m/s/s, where N = Newton. The units of a Newton are: 1N = 1 kg m/s/s.
> Thus a 100 ton starship acted upon by 100 tons of force will accelerate at
> 1 m/s/s, assuming the sum of all other forces are equal to zero.
> Just a quick check of units for those that are confused:
> If a 100 tonne starship described above is acted upon by a 1 Newton force,
> it will accelerate away at 1x10^-5 meters/sec./ sec. That is 0.1 of a
> millimetre per second squared. It will continue to accelerate until the
> force is removed.
> F = ma
> 1 N = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 1 x10^-5 m/s/s
> If the 100 tonne starship is acted upon by 10,000 N force, it will
> accelerate at 0.1G, 1 meters per second squared until the force is
> removed.
> F = ma
> 100,000 = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 1 m/s/s
> If the 100 tonne starship is acted upon by 1,000,000 N force, it will
> accelerate at 1G, 10 m/s/s.
> F = ma
> 1,000,000 N = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 10 m/s/s
> A million Newtons of force is a thousand tonnes of thrust.
> 1,000,000 N = 1000 kg x 1000 m/s/s x 1 tonne/1000kg
> 1,000,000 N = 1000 tonne x 1 m/s/s
>  
> I hope I haven’t lost you.
> Another aside, Gravity on earth as you all know is approx 9.82 m/s/s and
> for traveller purposes we round to 10 m/s/s. So, the ship acted upon by
> 1000 tons of thrust moves off with acceleration of 1 G.
>  
> Moving along,
> Assume the ship undergoes 1 G acceleration all week (168 hours) perhaps if
> it had thrusters instead of HEPlaR.
> Now, 168 hours is equal to 168hours  x 60 mins/hour x 60 secs/min =
> 604800 seconds
> According to Newton’s classical laws of motion
> S = ut + ½ a t^2
> S= So + ut + ½at^2
> V=u+at
> V^2= u^2 + 2as
> Where s = distance in meters, V = final velocity in m/s, u = initial
> velocity, a = acceleration, t = seconds.
>  
> Substituting into the appropriate equation:
> V = u + at where a = 10 m/s/s + t = 604800 s
> V = 6,048,000 m/s
> So velocity = 6,048 km/s, a little over six thousand km per second. That
> is 30,000 km (1 hex) every 4.96 seconds. While this is very fast in real
> terms it is only a fraction of the speed of light and so relativistic
> effects are minimal
> Remember that c (speed of light) = 300,000 km/s. That is 10 hexes per
> second.
> So, after a week of maneuver at 1G, the ship is travelling at a relative
> speed of 0.02 c.
> The ship would need to accelerate at 1G for over 40 weeks before it starts
> to approach relativistic speeds (0.8 of c and above). The ship would need
> to decelerate for an equivalent (if not equal) time frame to land on an
> orbiting planet, as orbiting planets actually move pretty quickly (of the
> order of tens of thousands of km per hour).
> I’m sure you would agree that this is an impossible task for ships
> in a Traveller universe.
> Onwards, the (now even more hypothetical) ship accelerates for nearly a
> year at 1G
> As the ship approaches relativistic speeds (>0.8 c):
> Mass increases, length decreases along the axis of movement, and time
> dilates.
> (See Special Theory of Relativity in wikipedia for formulas)
>
>
> So at v = 0.8 c, the Lorentz factor Gamma (γ) = 2.777 recurring
> So at v = 0.9 c, Gamma (γ) = 5.263 (4 significant figures)
> So at v = 0.99 c, Gamma (γ) =50.2 (3 sig figs)
> Thus the mass being accelerated increases sharply as you approach closer
> to the speed of light.
> Therefore the force required to accelerate the mass, as it approaches the
> speed of light also increases sharply.
>  
> See Mass in special relativity in wiki:
>  
> wrote:
> Let me reword the question slightly. If a ship accelerated to near-light
> speeds, using the galaxy it is in as the frame of reference, and then
> stopped accelerating and just coasted, would the effects of relativity
> (using our frame of reference) cease to distort time and mass?
>
> Or, in ortherwords, is relativity dependant on the force created by the
> acceleration of the object, on on the given speed of that object
> regardless of force?
>  
> The answer to both these questions is not a simple Yes or No. The
> relativistic effects affecting mass and time are related to the velocity
> of the body relative to an observer. I think that it has been accepted
> that It becomes more ‘difficult’ to increase velocity by
> acceleration as speeds approach the speed of light due to the Lorentz
> effect.  Moreover the momentum of the body affects the relativistic mass
> of the body according to gamma defined above. Remember momentum is defined
> as mass multiplied by velocity.
> So finally, relativistic effects on mass and time may be generally ignored
> because even at 6G acceleration it would take many, many weeks of
> acceleration before you approach relativistic speeds. And once you get
> there it becomes exceedingly difficult to increase velocity due to these
> effects.
> I hope that this sheds at least some light on these interesting questions.
> These questions do tend to raise some interesting in-game questions
> though...
> Our intrepid adventurers, tripping along at the best part of the speed of
> light now have a significant chance of encountering micro-meteors and
> other space debris instead of the usual infinitesimally small chance that
> becomes the referee’s plot device. Of course this chance should be
> left in the Trav referee’s domain.
> Regards,
>
> Craige Cook
>
> On Thu Jul 22 4:36 , sent:
>
>
>  
>
> Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in relation to
> required energy/mass? ThereÂ’s something IÂ’m not understanding.
> HereÂ’s a
> sample situation:
>
> A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it got there
> is irrelevant). It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at whatever
> GÂ’s
> its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only person on
> board). The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular direction
> (which direction is not important).
>
> Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is nothing at
> all, right?
>
> The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of thrust,
> is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
> tonnes of thrust, right?
>
> Okay, letÂ’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed; say 1,000
> km
> per hour (it doesnÂ’t really matter). How much energy is required to
> remain at that speed? I would assume none as the ship would simply be
> drifting. (IÂ’m not concerned at all about the resistance of the
> particles
> in space, and the ship is far enough away from all bodies of gravity that
> it doesnÂ’t have to worry about that.)
>
> Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G, how much
> thrust will he need? It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again, right? If
> so, 1G of acceleration should require the same amount of thrust, no matter
> what speed the ship is initially traveling at.
>
> Am I right or wrong so far? Are my assumptions correct?
>
> Now for something slightly different. Einstein said that the force of
> gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you accelerate.
> So, if thatÂ’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be near a
> source of
> gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is accelerating it
> *is* a source of gravity. This gravity, however, would only be present
> when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?
>
> Okay, assuming IÂ’m correct so far, apparently things start to change
> (or,
> at least become noticeable) when you begin to approach the speed of light.
>
> Wait. The *speed* of light? Hmmmm. No, IÂ’m going to ignore that
> thought
> for now.
>
> So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to change.
> Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers depending
> on how you measure it). The faster you go, the more mass you have. No no
> no, that canÂ’t be right. Going a certain speed does not require any
> energy at all. Only accelerating up to that speed requires energy.
> Right?
>
> This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light speeds, and
> then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while, while it
> is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not being any
> gravity well when coasting) and the shipÂ’s mass is 100 tonnes because
> itÂ’s
> not using any energy to accelerate.
>
> So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started to
> accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?
>
> I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I donÂ’t know what one.
> Can anyone help?
>
> - Daryl
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>



On 23 Jul 2010 at 8:44, Tim O'Reilly wrote:

> Once the ship has arrived in system however, the local data nets again
> have a need for precise timing.  What can flavor the game more here is
> that the ship needs to sync it's communications & timing to the local
> system - without compromising its own internal systemry.  So the J6
> mail-boat arrives in system, does its comms get through via radio or do
> they have a timing glitch and have to haul it in and manually port the
> comms through?
> How would that be done?  Cable v Radio, but maybe the timing on the boat
> is really out and then they have to physically plug (unplug?) memory
> modules and transfer them over to a working system.  (Gotta be a reason
> for those 1000t service ships after all - brain glitch in progress and I
> can't remembe r what the J6 or the service vessels are called at the
> moment) .... so just how fast is the word of your latest piratical attack
> going to spread?

actually, for any large amount of data (and that X-boat can hold some
pretty insane amounts of data, even by current standards) you'll want
a "hard-wired" connection.

A radio link has a max data rate. And it's determined by a combo of
the frequency and the amount of background noise.

Laser link, same thing, except the frequency is a *lot* higher. With
both, there are limits on using multiple links due to antennas being
near each other and the link. For most practical purposes, you are
only going to have a few "broadcast" links to/from that X--boat.

Hook up a cable and you can get one high rate link per wire pair or
optical fiber. And run them rather faster due to lowered noise.

So when the x-boat jumps in, it's going to "broadcast" a "here I am",
and once communications are establishs, it'll start sending the
really high-priority stuff on a tight beam.

Once it gets picked up by the tender, it'll transfer the rest via
cable, and a few high security memory units will be physically
transfereed along with any physical (as opposed to electronic) mail.

>From the tender, it'll get copied to X-boats bound for other systems,
and to ship's boat or the like to be ferried to the planet (along
with physical mail and the high security modules).

--
Leonard Erickson (aka shadow)
shadow at shadowgard dot com



On 23 Jul 2010 at 14:40, wrote:

> What I'm thinking is that, with so many different worlds, each with
> different levels of gravity, the clocks on each will be out of sync
> with each other. Only slightly, granted, but if the effect is
> pronounced enough that we have to take it into consideration today,
> how much more will we have to take it into consideration in a future
> where a substancial portion of the population lives almost
> exclusively in a zero-G environment?

Ah, you are suffering from a common misconception.

Simultaneity doesn't exist.

So synch clocks in different places is meaningless.

What you *can* do is exchange (speed of light) signals and use those
to vompare clocks (after applying relativistic corrections for
relative motion.

But that doesn't mean that when both places' clocks show a goiven
date/time that it's the "same" time.

Another consequence od relativity.

> What I'm thinking is that, with so many different worlds, each with
> different levels of gravity, the clocks on each will be out of sync with
> each other. Only slightly, granted, but if the effect is pronounced
> enough that we have to take it into consideration today, how much more
> will we have to take it into consideration in a future where a
> substancial portion of the population lives almost exclusively in a
> zero-G environment?

The adjustments are *minor*. We have bigger adjustments to synch
atomic time with the Earths's rotation (look up "leap second").

Since there's *no* way* to get a message between solar systems in
less than a week, and the travel time varies, you don't need that
degree of synch.

> As far as such a setting is concerned I would think the easiest thing
> to do would be to take an atomic clock (or the fututre equivelant)
> out into an area of space which is the least affected by gravity and
> use that as your baseline for a galaxy-wide time system.

Why go to all that trouble? All that matters for a "standard" clock
is that it be *consistent*, not the rate it runs at.

The time difference between zero-g and any gravity humans can stand
is a matter of seconds over *years*.

The velocity differences between systems and ships will be a much
larger value.

>All worlds
> would have their clocks adjusted to this zero-G atomic clock, each
> measuring a second slightly differently with spaceships using the
> zero-G time as their base measurement. A ship's computer would then
> need to adjust all the on-board clocks as the ship approached a
> source of gravity, or even -possibly?- as the ship itself accelerated
> generating artificial gravity. This would likely be especially t

I had to go to a lot of trouble to get the text after where it got
chopped above. Your mail program is ising base-64 encoding for *plain
text*. That's stupid as it results in the text inside the raw message
looking like gibberish, and causes problems when mailers translate it
back to plain text (in my case, lines over a certain length (500?
1000? or so characters) get truncated). That's another problem, while
*in theory* unlimited length lines are ok, in practice, it is
*strongly* recommended that your mail program have a EOL at the end
of each *line* not each *paragraph. With 72-75 characters being the
recommended line length)

> As far as such a setting is concerned I would think the easiest thing to
> do would be to take an atomic clock (or the fututre equivelant) out into
> an area of space which is the least affected by gravity and use that as
> your baseline for a galaxy-wide time system. All worlds would have
> their clocks adjusted to this zero-G atomic clock, each measuring a
> second slightly differently with spaceships using the zero-G time as
> their base measurement. A ship's computer would then need to adjust all
> the on-board clocks as the ship approached a source of gravity, or even
> -possibly?- as the ship itself accelerated generating artificial
> gravity. This would likely be especially true for ships with higher
> acceleration ratings (4G+).

There's "standard" time, and there's "local" time.

There's a stndard second (set by the time atomic clocks keep or
something more accurate) which will get used for a lot of stuff.

Likewise there will be standard minutes, hours, days and yeatrs
(looks like the Imperium doesn't go for weeks or months)

But there's a difference between measuring duration and
clocks/calendars.

Among other things every habitable planet is going to have a *klocal*
clock & calendar. That's because the planet won't rotate in 24 hours,
nor will it take 365 days to go around its star.

Heck, for the Mars landers they have to measure local days in "sols".

I and others have suggested that "day" be reserved for 24 hours,
while "sol" get used for the local solar day.

On Mars the sol is less than an hour longer than a day. But it adds
up to several "days" difference over a month. (ie after 30 days have
passed, you've only had something like 27 sols pass)

Years get even worse, but you need them because the seasons go by the
local year (we'll need a term for the local "year" too. I'm using
"anno").

You don't divide the sol into hours, because the result won't be
even, and with the need for time zones, fractions of an hour get
ugly.

So you need a name for the chunks you break sols into. David Brin
used "dura" and "duras" in the Uplift books. I assume that came from
"duration". I'd been using "peri"/"peris" (pronounced peer-ey, from
"period")

Yopu want to divide the sol into something that's easy to subdivide
for shifts and the like. That's why 12 & 24 are so good for hours.
You can get 2 12-hours shifts, 3 8-hour shifts, 4 6-hour shifts or 6
4-hour watches in a day.

But if you had 10 duras in a sol, you can only break that up into 2
5-dura shifts or 5 2-dura watches without dealing with fractional
units.

So *every planet* is going to have different clocks and calendars.
The Imperial date/time are only used for scheduling stuff between
planets.

Anyway, getting back to trying to keep the Imperial Calendar synched
between systems, there are reasons for the Scout service and others
to set up stations in the outer reaches of some systems and send
modulated lasers links between them. Once there's been time for a
round trip link, they'll have the distance between the stations
figured (based on time codes in the beams, and other things) as well
as the velocity difference. Which is why the ISS does it, to allow
really accurate star surveys.

>From that you can calculate what time it "is" at the other end of the
link (sort of, that no simultaneity bit is a pain). And that will do
for keeping you synched with Imperial Standard time.

But it'll take around 7 years per parsec to synch over one of those
links.

For systems not part of the grid, you'll go with radio signals (like
the time signals on WWV and other stations here on earth, but a *lot*
more powerful).

The transmitters will be insanely powerful and it'dd take fairly
large antennas to pick up the signals. But since they'll be (like
WWV) brodacasting on *very* precise frequencies, you can use the
doppler shift to get a velocity correction, and if you can pick up
more than one you can use the difference in time to help place the
distance, which gives you the correction for "the signal from them
says it was sent on X, so the time here must be Y"

Still, it's going to be uncertaoin.

Merchant skippers will allow for extra time if they have a "must be
delivered by X date/time" contract. Because time between systems is
not exact. (and because time in jump varies uncontrollably)

--
Leonard Erickson (aka shadow)
shadow at shadowgard dot com



>So synch clocks in different places is meaningless

Then why do we do it?

(I'm not talking techno here, just general concepts. Please forgive me if to 'sync' a clock actually means something more then just calculating what time one person sees vereses another and displaying that as a 'sync-ed' clock.)

>What you *can* do is exchange (speed of light) signals and use thoseto vompare clocks (after applying relativistic corrections forrelative motion

Right, that's what I'm thinking.

>But that doesn't mean that when both places' clocks show a goivendate/time that it's the "same" time

By default, no it doesn't mean that. But there's no reason we can't create a clock that displays the same time as that which our GPS sats "see". The servers we have at my work do not work at all if their clocks are not sync-ed with each other and with our desktops. This does not mean we are displaying that time on our computers, however. We have specific software that let's us set our computers time to whatever we want while keeping them in sync with the main server and any client servers.

For that mater, many of our clients are in different time zones, but our servers are able to talk to them because there is an agreed upon way to measure time. When one of our computers gets out of sync (whic does happen, though not often) it cannot talk to the network.

In the situation where time is passing at a different rate between two places, but people at the two places can talk, they would need to agree which 'time' to use as the baseline in order for their computers to network properly. (But, of course, they don't *have* to network their computers in order to comunicate via radio or any other method that doesn't require networking.)

>Why go to all that trouble? All that matters for a "standard" clockis that it be *consistent*, not the rate it runs at

Yes, but how are you going to get all worlds to agree on the same time? And it's not really much trouble at all as any world could easily do the calculations without the need to send a physical clock to a zero-G environment.

>The time difference between zero-g and any gravity humans can standis a matter of seconds over *years*.

I'm not completely sure about that as it is substancial enough to affect us today, and sats aren't even far enough away from earth to be unafected by our gravity.

>The velocity differences between systems and ships will be a muchlarger value

Hmmmm. If that's the case, there's no real reason to debate this, is there? The clocks will be off one way or another, and since I'm just thinking in terms of generalizations that works for me.


Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry

-----Original Message-----
Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2010 14:27:23
Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc

On 23 Jul 2010 at 14:40, wrote:

> What I'm thinking is that, with so many different worlds, each with
> different levels of gravity, the clocks on each will be out of sync
> with each other. Only slightly, granted, but if the effect is
> pronounced enough that we have to take it into consideration today,
> how much more will we have to take it into consideration in a future
> where a substancial portion of the population lives almost
> exclusively in a zero-G environment?

Ah, you are suffering from a common misconception.

Simultaneity doesn't exist.

So synch clocks in different places is meaningless.

What you *can* do is exchange (speed of light) signals and use those
to vompare clocks (after applying relativistic corrections for
relative motion.

But that doesn't mean that when both places' clocks show a goiven
date/time that it's the "same" time.

Another consequence od relativity.

> What I'm thinking is that, with so many different worlds, each with
> different levels of gravity, the clocks on each will be out of sync with
> each other. Only slightly, granted, but if the effect is pronounced
> enough that we have to take it into consideration today, how much more
> will we have to take it into consideration in a future where a
> substancial portion of the population lives almost exclusively in a
> zero-G environment?

The adjustments are *minor*. We have bigger adjustments to synch
atomic time with the Earths's rotation (look up "leap second").

Since there's *no* way* to get a message between solar systems in
less than a week, and the travel time varies, you don't need that
degree of synch.

> As far as such a setting is concerned I would think the easiest thing
> to do would be to take an atomic clock (or the fututre equivelant)
> out into an area of space which is the least affected by gravity and
> use that as your baseline for a galaxy-wide time system.

Why go to all that trouble? All that matters for a "standard" clock
is that it be *consistent*, not the rate it runs at.

The time difference between zero-g and any gravity humans can stand
is a matter of seconds over *years*.

The velocity differences between systems and ships will be a much
larger value.

>All worlds
> would have their clocks adjusted to this zero-G atomic clock, each
> measuring a second slightly differently with spaceships using the
> zero-G time as their base measurement. A ship's computer would then
> need to adjust all the on-board clocks as the ship approached a
> source of gravity, or even -possibly?- as the ship itself accelerated
> generating artificial gravity. This would likely be especially t

I had to go to a lot of trouble to get the text after where it got
chopped above. Your mail program is ising base-64 encoding for *plain
text*. That's stupid as it results in the text inside the raw message
looking like gibberish, and causes problems when mailers translate it
back to plain text (in my case, lines over a certain length (500?
1000? or so characters) get truncated). That's another problem, while
*in theory* unlimited length lines are ok, in practice, it is
*strongly* recommended that your mail program have a EOL at the end
of each *line* not each *paragraph. With 72-75 characters being the
recommended line length)


> As far as such a setting is concerned I would think the easiest thing to
> do would be to take an atomic clock (or the fututre equivelant) out into
> an area of space which is the least affected by gravity and use that as
> your baseline for a galaxy-wide time system. All worlds would have
> their clocks adjusted to this zero-G atomic clock, each measuring a
> second slightly differently with spaceships using the zero-G time as
> their base measurement. A ship's computer would then need to adjust all
> the on-board clocks as the ship approached a source of gravity, or even
> -possibly?- as the ship itself accelerated generating artificial
> gravity. This would likely be especially true for ships with higher
> acceleration ratings (4G+).

There's "standard" time, and there's "local" time.

There's a stndard second (set by the time atomic clocks keep or
something more accurate) which will get used for a lot of stuff.

Likewise there will be standard minutes, hours, days and yeatrs
(looks like the Imperium doesn't go for weeks or months)

But there's a difference between measuring duration and
clocks/calendars.

Among other things every habitable planet is going to have a *klocal*
clock & calendar. That's because the planet won't rotate in 24 hours,
nor will it take 365 days to go around its star.

Heck, for the Mars landers they have to measure local days in "sols".

I and others have suggested that "day" be reserved for 24 hours,
while "sol" get used for the local solar day.

On Mars the sol is less than an hour longer than a day. But it adds
up to several "days" difference over a month. (ie after 30 days have
passed, you've only had something like 27 sols pass)

Years get even worse, but you need them because the seasons go by the
local year (we'll need a term for the local "year" too. I'm using
"anno").

You don't divide the sol into hours, because the result won't be
even, and with the need for time zones, fractions of an hour get
ugly.

So you need a name for the chunks you break sols into. David Brin
used "dura" and "duras" in the Uplift books. I assume that came from
"duration". I'd been using "peri"/"peris" (pronounced peer-ey, from
"period")

Yopu want to divide the sol into something that's easy to subdivide
for shifts and the like. That's why 12 & 24 are so good for hours.
You can get 2 12-hours shifts, 3 8-hour shifts, 4 6-hour shifts or 6
4-hour watches in a day.

But if you had 10 duras in a sol, you can only break that up into 2
5-dura shifts or 5 2-dura watches without dealing with fractional
units.

So *every planet* is going to have different clocks and calendars.
The Imperial date/time are only used for scheduling stuff between
planets.

Anyway, getting back to trying to keep the Imperial Calendar synched
between systems, there are reasons for the Scout service and others
to set up stations in the outer reaches of some systems and send
modulated lasers links between them. Once there's been time for a
round trip link, they'll have the distance between the stations
figured (based on time codes in the beams, and other things) as well
as the velocity difference. Which is why the ISS does it, to allow
really accurate star surveys.

>From that you can calculate what time it "is" at the other end of the
link (sort of, that no simultaneity bit is a pain). And that will do
for keeping you synched with Imperial Standard time.

But it'll take around 7 years per parsec to synch over one of those
links.

For systems not part of the grid, you'll go with radio signals (like
the time signals on WWV and other stations here on earth, but a *lot*
more powerful).

The transmitters will be insanely powerful and it'dd take fairly
large antennas to pick up the signals. But since they'll be (like
WWV) brodacasting on *very* precise frequencies, you can use the
doppler shift to get a velocity correction, and if you can pick up
more than one you can use the difference in time to help place the
distance, which gives you the correction for "the signal from them
says it was sent on X, so the time here must be Y"

Still, it's going to be uncertaoin.

Merchant skippers will allow for extra time if they have a "must be
delivered by X date/time" contract. Because time between systems is
not exact. (and because time in jump varies uncontrollably)








--
Leonard Erickson (aka shadow)
shadow at shadowgard dot com





On Thu, Jul 22, 2010 at 19:30, Craige Cook <> wrote:

> Hi,
>
> The short answer is that relativity has very little to do with Traveller
> space travel. Have a look at the logic below. You may need your calculators
> out...
>
> wrote:
>
> The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones of thrust,
> is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship = 1,000
> tonnes of thrust, right?
>
> That is right.
>

No it is one to one in tons.

10 to one in Newtons.

1 ton of thrust is 10k newtons.

This is assuming the Gravity constant is 10 m/s^2

> Thus a 100 ton starship acted upon by 100 tons of force will accelerate at
> 1 m/s/s, assuming the sum of all other forces are equal to zero.
>

Your explanations is right except it is off by an order of magnitude.

--
Evyn


On 23 Jul 2010 at 22:36, wrote:

> >So synch clocks in different places is meaningless
>
> Then why do we do it?

Earth is more or less a single frame of reference. So we can get away
with a lot of stuff that doesn't work over greater distances or large
celocity differences,.

We do it because we have "instant" communication all over earth and
thus "need" to synch things that closely. Max vcomm-lag on Earth is
about half a second if your call gets routed thru a geosynch
satellite or two. It's more like a tenth of a second if it's going
via undersea cables.

In the Imperium, comm lag between planets *in the same system* is
many minutes to many *hours*. 1 AU is 150 million km. That's 500
light seconds.

At closest approach Venus is .3 AU from Earth, Mars is .6.

So the round trip lag (ie time between signal and response is 5
minutes to Venus (at closest approach). and 10 minutes for Mars.

At max seperation, it's 28:20 for Venus, and 43:20 for Mars.

For Pluto, it's over 10 hours.

At 6 g, it'd take a lot longer for the shortest of those distances.

Earth to Venus at closest approach is .3 AU. 45 million km, 4.5e10 m

so it's 2.25 e10 m to turnover for a constant boost course.

d = 0.5*a*t^2

Assume 6 g (call it 60 m/s^2)

2.25e10 = 0.5*60*t^2
2.25e10 = 30*t^2
7.5e8 = t^2
~27386 =t

double it for the deceleration from turnover

15.2 hours.

No need for fraction of a second synchronization for *that*.

Trips between systems (or in-system, but using jump) take a week. Or
more for multi-jump trips.

So synching to within a minute or two in-system and a few hours
between systems is more than adequate. Yes, they'll shoot for higher
precision, but it's not needed much.

Heck, consider this. Earth's radius is about 6400 km. Which makes the
100 diameter limit 4.25 light seconds.

That means that when a ship comes out of jump, it'll be 4.25 seconds
before folks o the ground know about it. And 8.5 seconds before the
ship recieves a request for identification (assuming it's totally
automated and takes no time between seeing the ship and firing off
the request).

> (I'm not talking techno here, just general concepts. Please forgive
> me if to 'sync' a clock actually means something more then just
> calculating what time one person sees vereses another and displaying
> that as a 'sync-ed' clock.)
>
> >What you *can* do is exchange (speed of light) signals and use
> thoseto vompare clocks (after applying relativistic corrections
> forrelative motion
>
> Right, that's what I'm thinking.
>
> >But that doesn't mean that when both places' clocks show a
> givendate/time that it's the "same" time
>
> By default, no it doesn't mean that. But there's no reason we can't
> create a clock that displays the same time as that which our GPS sats
> "see". The servers we have at my work do not work at all if their
> clocks are not sync-ed with each other and with our desktops. This
> does not mean we are displaying that time on our computers, however.
> We have specific software that

Again I get text truncated by your mailer failing to conform to
standard practices.

By default, no it doesn't mean that. But there's no reason we can't
create a clock that displays the same time as that which our GPS sats
"see". The servers we have at my work do not work at all if their
clocks are not sync-ed with each other and with our desktops.

That's because they need time stamps to agree. and because the time
it takes to communicate between each other is less than a
millisecond.

See my comments above about comm lag. You *cannot* synch stuff that
way even between the ground and a geosynch station.

GPS satellites orbit lower and are a *one way* link. So "correcting"
works (and is for something entirely different than why your servers
need their times synched).

A two-way link and the sort of stuff your servers need to be synched
for *won't work* with comm lags on the order of a second.

For lags of a second you could probably kludge something to make
stuff sort of work. But you'd have to watch for race conditions if
folks in orbit and on the ground both wound up doing updates.

For interplanetary, much less interstellar, you'd have to go back to
the old days where data updates between computers were done as batch
processes. And ive with the fact that between updates the two
locations would have databases that didn't match.

> This does not mean we are displaying that time on our computers,
> however. We have specific software that let's us set our computers
> time to whatever we want while keeping them in sync with the main
> server and any client servers.

Which isn't *possible* once distances get big enough. Again, Earth is
a single frame of reference and (on the surface) has ignorable comm
lags. Earth-moon has well over a second lag each way. Call it 2.5
seconds for the round trip.

So you could synch times (by calculation) but you can't synch
*transactions* because it'd take over a second for the "change this"
to get there and you'd get the "OK" or "I can't do that" back 2.5
seconds later. Then check the closest approach time for Venus. Or
Mars.

People actually notice the quarter second lag doing a voice call over
a satellite link. Which is why they don't get routed that way if
there's another choice. (satellite telephones like Motorola's Iridium
use satellites in *much* lower orbits)

> For that mater, many of our clients are in different time zones, but
> our servers are able to talk to them because there is an agreed upon
> way to measure time. When one of our computers gets out of sync
> (whic does happen, though not often) it cannot talk to the network.

That's a software issue, and predicated on the *assumption* that it
takes a fraction of a second for packet & response.

That sort of architecture *can't* be used beyond near planetary
orbit. Because the time synch is used as part of the comm protocol.
And since comm lag will a large fraction of a second, it'll break
even if the clocks *are* synched.

You don't *have* the sort of network you are used to on Earth between
different planets, much less between systems. Instead, you are vack
to batch processing and "store and forward".

The computer equivalent of "telephone tag".

> In the situation where time is passing at a different rate between
> two places, but people at the two places can talk, they would need
> to agree which 'time' to use as the baseline in order for their
> computers to network properly. (But, of course, they don't *have*
> to network their computers in order to comunicate via radio or any
> other method that doesn't require networking.)

That's the point. You *can't* "talk". Not the way you are thinking
of.

You send a message and wait for a reply. You can send more messages,
but only ones regarding matters that don't depend on the answer to
that first message.

You most definitely can't do the sort of networking you are thinking
of.

You can't "talk" between a planet and anything beyond the 100
diameter limit. And between low orbit and the 100 diameter limit, it
gets steadily more annoying as the distance (and comm lag) increases.

Consider that those servers of yours are constantly asking each other
what time it is to be sure that they agree.

If it takes sevceral seconds for a reply, that breaks things rather
badly. If it takes minutes...

>> Why go to all that trouble? All that matters for a "standard"
>> clock is that it be *consistent*, not the rate it runs at

> Yes, but how are you going to get all worlds to agree on the same
> time? And it's not really much trouble at all as any world could
> easily do the calculations without the need to send a physical clock
> to a zero-G environment.

You *aren't* going to get them to agree. Nor is it necessary for them
to do so. The universe, even in Traveller, doesn't work that way.

A system's clocks will be fairly synched because it's useful. But
given comm lag, the only reason for (say) Earth and Mars to clocks
that are (sort of) synched to UTC is so that comm checks occur at
expected times and time (over and above the comm lag) isn't wasted.

Between systems the only reason to keep a clock running on IST
(Imperial Standard Time) is for scheduking purposes. And even being a
few minutes off isn't going to matter. Because comm lage is *years*
if you don't use a ship, and if you do, it's 2 weeks (give or take
quite a few hours).

>> The time difference between zero-g and any gravity humans can
>> stand is a matter of seconds over *years*.

> I'm not completely sure about that as it is substancial enough to
> affect us today, and sats aren't even far enough away from earth to
> be unafected by our gravity.

It is important for the GPS satellites because your position is
calculated based on the lag time for the signals. for 3 meter
accuracy that requires time accuracy of better than one-hundredth of
a *microsecond*.

In a nanosecond light (and radio) travels roughly 11 inches. See why
the fractional time differences in GPS signals are a problem?

A year is roughly 30 million seconds. So the 1 part in 100 million
error that is bad for a GPS signal is 1 second in 3 years. Not
significant for *human* purposes.

>> The velocity differences between systems and ships will be a much
>> larger value

> Hmmmm. If that's the case, there's no real reason to debate this,
> is there? The clocks will be off one way or another, and since I'm
> just thinking in terms of generalizations that works for me.

Thing is, you are not thinking. You are *assuming* that a lot of
stuff that works on Earth can work the same way once you are dealing
with a larger framework.

The only use of synched clocks/calendars once you get to a larger
scale than a planet is for *scheduling*. And that only requires
accuracy on the minutes/seconds range in a system and *hours* between
them.

--
Leonard Erickson (aka shadow)
shadow at shadowgard dot com



hmmm, looks like we'll have to roughen up and backwards design some of our comms
and such if we ever really to break out into space - you're right the tight sync that servers, datanets etc are used to today are just not going to hack it, going to have to incorporate some (a lot?) of 1950-80s tech to let systems work...
at the moment would play hob with our secure coms, datanets etc cause they all want to be tightly synced.  OTOH Even the older systems secure coms relied on having round-trip handshaking going on in fractioins of a second ... trying to set that up for a relatively long haul - seconds - minutes hmmm not old tech, have to be new cause of that.
T

--- On Sat, 7/24/10, <> wrote:

From: <>
Subject: Re: [Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc
To:
Date: Saturday, July 24, 2010, 6:56 AM

 

On 23 Jul 2010 at 22:36, wrote:

> >So synch clocks in different places is meaningless
>
> Then why do we do it?

Earth is more or less a single frame of reference. So we can get away
with a lot of stuff that doesn't work over greater distances or large
celocity differences,.

We do it because we have "instant" communication all over earth and
thus "need" to synch things that closely. Max vcomm-lag on Earth is
about half a second if your call gets routed thru a geosynch
satellite or two. It's more like a tenth of a second if it's going
via undersea cables.

In the Imperium, comm lag between planets *in the same system* is
many minutes to many *hours*. 1 AU is 150 million km. That's 500
light seconds.

At closest approach Venus is .3 AU from Earth, Mars is .6.

So the round trip lag (ie time between signal and response is 5
minutes to Venus (at closest approach). and 10 minutes for Mars.

At max seperation, it's 28:20 for Venus, and 43:20 for Mars.

For Pluto, it's over 10 hours.

At 6 g, it'd take a lot longer for the shortest of those distances.

Earth to Venus at closest approach is .3 AU. 45 million km, 4.5e10 m

so it's 2.25 e10 m to turnover for a constant boost course.

d = 0.5*a*t^2

Assume 6 g (call it 60 m/s^2)

2.25e10 = 0.5*60*t^2
2.25e10 = 30*t^2
7.5e8 = t^2
~27386 =t

double it for the deceleration from turnover

15.2 hours.

No need for fraction of a second synchronization for *that*.

Trips between systems (or in-system, but using jump) take a week. Or
more for multi-jump trips.

So synching to within a minute or two in-system and a few hours
between systems is more than adequate. Yes, they'll shoot for higher
precision, but it's not needed much.

Heck, consider this. Earth's radius is about 6400 km. Which makes the
100 diameter limit 4.25 light seconds.

That means that when a ship comes out of jump, it'll be 4.25 seconds
before folks o the ground know about it. And 8.5 seconds before the
ship recieves a request for identification (assuming it's totally
automated and takes no time between seeing the ship and firing off
the request).

> (I'm not talking techno here, just general concepts. Please forgive
> me if to 'sync' a clock actually means something more then just
> calculating what time one person sees vereses another and displaying
> that as a 'sync-ed' clock.)
>
> >What you *can* do is exchange (speed of light) signals and use
> thoseto vompare clocks (after applying relativistic corrections
> forrelative motion
>
> Right, that's what I'm thinking.
>
> >But that doesn't mean that when both places' clocks show a
> givendate/time that it's the "same" time
>
> By default, no it doesn't mean that. But there's no reason we can't
> create a clock that displays the same time as that which our GPS sats
> "see". The servers we have at my work do not work at all if their
> clocks are not sync-ed with each other and with our desktops. This
> does not mean we are displaying that time on our computers, however.
> We have specific software that

Again I get text truncated by your mailer failing to conform to
standard practices.

By default, no it doesn't mean that. But there's no reason we can't
create a clock that displays the same time as that which our GPS sats
"see". The servers we have at my work do not work at all if their
clocks are not sync-ed with each other and with our desktops.

That's because they need time stamps to agree. and because the time
it takes to communicate between each other is less than a
millisecond.

See my comments above about comm lag. You *cannot* synch stuff that
way even between the ground and a geosynch station.

GPS satellites orbit lower and are a *one way* link. So "correcting"
works (and is for something entirely different than why your servers
need their times synched).

A two-way link and the sort of stuff your servers need to be synched
for *won't work* with comm lags on the order of a second.

For lags of a second you could probably kludge something to make
stuff sort of work. But you'd have to watch for race conditions if
folks in orbit and on the ground both wound up doing updates.

For interplanetary, much less interstellar, you'd have to go back to
the old days where data updates between computers were done as batch
processes. And ive with the fact that between updates the two
locations would have databases that didn't match.

> This does not mean we are displaying that time on our computers,
> however. We have specific software that let's us set our computers
> time to whatever we want while keeping them in sync with the main
> server and any client servers.

Which isn't *possible* once distances get big enough. Again, Earth is
a single frame of reference and (on the surface) has ignorable comm
lags. Earth-moon has well over a second lag each way. Call it 2.5
seconds for the round trip.

So you could synch times (by calculation) but you can't synch
*transactions* because it'd take over a second for the "change this"
to get there and you'd get the "OK" or "I can't do that" back 2.5
seconds later. Then check the closest approach time for Venus. Or
Mars.

People actually notice the quarter second lag doing a voice call over
a satellite link. Which is why they don't get routed that way if
there's another choice. (satellite telephones like Motorola's Iridium
use satellites in *much* lower orbits)

> For that mater, many of our clients are in different time zones, but
> our servers are able to talk to them because there is an agreed upon
> way to measure time. When one of our computers gets out of sync
> (whic does happen, though not often) it cannot talk to the network.

That's a software issue, and predicated on the *assumption* that it
takes a fraction of a second for packet & response.

That sort of architecture *can't* be used beyond near planetary
orbit. Because the time synch is used as part of the comm protocol.
And since comm lag will a large fraction of a second, it'll break
even if the clocks *are* synched.

You don't *have* the sort of network you are used to on Earth between
different planets, much less between systems. Instead, you are vack
to batch processing and "store and forward".

The computer equivalent of "telephone tag".

> In the situation where time is passing at a different rate between
> two places, but people at the two places can talk, they would need
> to agree which 'time' to use as the baseline in order for their
> computers to network properly. (But, of course, they don't *have*
> to network their computers in order to comunicate via radio or any
> other method that doesn't require networking.)

That's the point. You *can't* "talk". Not the way you are thinking
of.

You send a message and wait for a reply. You can send more messages,
but only ones regarding matters that don't depend on the answer to
that first message.

You most definitely can't do the sort of networking you are thinking
of.

You can't "talk" between a planet and anything beyond the 100
diameter limit. And between low orbit and the 100 diameter limit, it
gets steadily more annoying as the distance (and comm lag) increases.

Consider that those servers of yours are constantly asking each other
what time it is to be sure that they agree.

If it takes sevceral seconds for a reply, that breaks things rather
badly. If it takes minutes...

>> Why go to all that trouble? All that matters for a "standard"
>> clock is that it be *consistent*, not the rate it runs at

> Yes, but how are you going to get all worlds to agree on the same
> time? And it's not really much trouble at all as any world could
> easily do the calculations without the need to send a physical clock
> to a zero-G environment.

You *aren't* going to get them to agree. Nor is it necessary for them
to do so. The universe, even in Traveller, doesn't work that way.

A system's clocks will be fairly synched because it's useful. But
given comm lag, the only reason for (say) Earth and Mars to clocks
that are (sort of) synched to UTC is so that comm checks occur at
expected times and time (over and above the comm lag) isn't wasted.

Between systems the only reason to keep a clock running on IST
(Imperial Standard Time) is for scheduking purposes. And even being a
few minutes off isn't going to matter. Because comm lage is *years*
if you don't use a ship, and if you do, it's 2 weeks (give or take
quite a few hours).

>> The time difference between zero-g and any gravity humans can
>> stand is a matter of seconds over *years*.

> I'm not completely sure about that as it is substancial enough to
> affect us today, and sats aren't even far enough away from earth to
> be unafected by our gravity.

It is important for the GPS satellites because your position is
calculated based on the lag time for the signals. for 3 meter
accuracy that requires time accuracy of better than one-hundredth of
a *microsecond*.

In a nanosecond light (and radio) travels roughly 11 inches. See why
the fractional time differences in GPS signals are a problem?

A year is roughly 30 million seconds. So the 1 part in 100 million
error that is bad for a GPS signal is 1 second in 3 years. Not
significant for *human* purposes.

>> The velocity differences between systems and ships will be a much
>> larger value

> Hmmmm. If that's the case, there's no real reason to debate this,
> is there? The clocks will be off one way or another, and since I'm
> just thinking in terms of generalizations that works for me.

Thing is, you are not thinking. You are *assuming* that a lot of
stuff that works on Earth can work the same way once you are dealing
with a larger framework.

The only use of synched clocks/calendars once you get to a larger
scale than a planet is for *scheduling*. And that only requires
accuracy on the minutes/seconds range in a system and *hours* between
them.

--
Leonard Erickson (aka shadow)
shadow at shadowgard dot com



Hi, some nice ideas there guys.

I thought of two interesting traveller applications of the
general/special theories of relativity while I was reading
Daryl's email.
First, each ship would probably have several different ship times
onboard, some hard wired while others would be computer
programmed.
1. Absolute ship time, 2. Relative ship time, 3. Imperial Time,
4. System time.
You can each draw your own conclusions from these.

Another fundamental effect of relativity would be the actual
locations of solar and planetary systems. These are effected by
large rotational and scalar vectors thus over a long period of
time the position of the entire system would be modified by
something akin to the the lorentz factor. I think this was
alluded to in some of the earlier Traveller literature, possibly
something by J Andrew Keith but I don't remember which source.

In game, the IISS Survey branch was assigned to update the
navigational maps periodically within the Third Imperium.

Regards,
Craige Cook

On Sat Jul 24 0:40 , sent:


Wonderful! I love the math, and seeing it laid out like that
helps me to see the general principles at work. However, there is
one minor point that I'm not sure I fully agree with: the first
sentence re relativity not having an impact in the TU.

Granted, you did say it wouldn't have *much* of an impact, a
clarification I appretiate, but I do think it would have some
impact. Especially if General relativity is taken into account
and not just special relativity.

So far, the biggest impact that I can see it having is the same
impact we see today with the GPS satelites having to recalibrate
their clocks due the distance they are from earth's gravity, in
order to keep the clocks in sync with our clocks on the planets
surface. Not much of an impact, and there's no real reason it
should affect game mechanics, but it would be a great background
element to include in a campain simply for flavour.

What I'm thinking is that, with so many different worlds, each
with different levels of gravity, the clocks on each will be out
of sync with each other. Only slightly, granted, but if the
effect is pronounced enough that we have to take it into
consideration today, how much more will we have to take it into
consideration in a future where a substancial portion of the
population lives almost exclusively in a zero-G environment?

As far as such a setting is concerned I would think the easiest
thing to do would be to take an atomic clock (or the fututre
equivelant) out into an area of space which is the least affected
by gravity and use that as your baseline for a galaxy-wide time
system. All worlds would have their clocks adjusted to this
zero-G atomic clock, each measuring a second slightly differently
with spaceships using the zero-G time as their base measurement.
A ship's computer would then need to adjust all the on-board
clocks as the ship approached a source of gravity, or even
-possibly?- as the ship itself accelerated generating artificial
gravity. This would likely be especially true for ships with
higher acceleration ratings (4G+).

All this would be done automatically by the on-board computers,
but what happens when said computer isn't working right (or even
when said computer is infected with Virus)? I imagine that, then,
the ship's crew would need to reset their watches given whatever
environment they would be operating in.

Not sure about all this. Maybe. Anyone have any thoughts about
it? Anyone 'know' what the effects of contra-grav or
grav-compensation technologies would be in these terms?


Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry
From: Craige Cook com.au> Sender:
Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2010 10:30:05 +0800 To: yahoogroups.com>
ReplyTo: Subject: Re:
[Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc


Hi,

The short answer is that relativity has very little to do with
Traveller space travel. Have a look at the logic below. You may
need your calculators out...

wrote:

The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones
of thrust,
is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship
= 1,000
tonnes of thrust, right?

That is right.

Newton’s Laws of Motion state:

1. An object at rest tends to remain at rest until acted
upon by a force.

2. An object in motion at velocity (speed = v) with a
vector (indicating direction) tends to remain in motion until
acted upon by a force.

3. An object (mass m) acted upon by a force (F) undergoes
an acceleration (a) that has the same direction as the force and
a magnitude directly proportional to the mass, where F=ma.

4. The forces between two objects that are interacting are
equal and opposite F and -F.



Acceleration may be simplified as the rate of change of velocity
with respect to time:

a=dv/dt or acceleration = velocity/time

A very simplistic look at the theory of relativity...

But first some premises need to be established... An object (such
as a 100 tonne spaceship) is drifting in space. The Force
perceived by the captain of the spaceship is zero. There are no
net forces acting and the ship has a nett velocity w.r.t the
universe of zero.

Just as an aside, the 100-ton starship of the Traveller universe,
is actually 100 displacement tons of liquid Hydrogen .This is the
volume displaced by a hundred tons of liquid hydrogen. The value
for which is approx. 1400 cubic meters. The actual ship probably
masses somewhere between 800 and 1400 tonnes depending on the
premises used by the designer. So, back to the 100 tonne
‘starship’.

So, the energy needed to accelerate the 100 tonne starship at 1 G
is 1000 tonnes of thrust where G = 10 m/s/s. Continuing this
line, the energy required to accelerate the ship at 2 G is 2000
tonnes of thrust, where G = 10 meters/second/second.

A 1 kg body acted upon by a force of equal to 1 N, will
accelerate at 1 m/s/s, where N = Newton. The units of a Newton
are: 1N = 1 kg m/s/s.

Thus a 100 ton starship acted upon by 100 tons of force will
accelerate at 1 m/s/s, assuming the sum of all other forces are
equal to zero.

Just a quick check of units for those that are confused:

If a 100 tonne starship described above is acted upon by a 1
Newton force, it will accelerate away at 1x10^-5 meters/sec./
sec. That is 0.1 of a millimetre per second squared. It will
continue to accelerate until the force is removed.

F = ma

1 N = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 1 x10^-5 m/s/s

If the 100 tonne starship is acted upon by 10,000 N force, it
will accelerate at 0.1G, 1 meters per second squared until the
force is removed.

F = ma

100,000 = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 1 m/s/s

If the 100 tonne starship is acted upon by 1,000,000 N force, it
will accelerate at 1G, 10 m/s/s.

F = ma

1,000,000 N = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 10 m/s/s

A million Newtons of force is a thousand tonnes of thrust.

1,000,000 N = 1000 kg x 1000 m/s/s x 1 tonne/1000kg

1,000,000 N = 1000 tonne x 1 m/s/s



I hope I haven’t lost you.

Another aside, Gravity on earth as you all know is approx 9.82
m/s/s and for traveller purposes we round to 10 m/s/s. So, the
ship acted upon by 1000 tons of thrust moves off with
acceleration of 1 G.



Moving along,

Assume the ship undergoes 1 G acceleration all week (168 hours)
perhaps if it had thrusters instead of HEPlaR.

Now, 168 hours is equal to 168hours x 60 mins/hour x 60 secs/min
= 604800 seconds

According to Newton’s classical laws of motion

S = ut + ½ a t^2

S= So + ut + ½at^2

V=u+at

V^2= u^2 + 2as

Where s = distance in meters, V = final velocity in m/s, u =
initial velocity, a = acceleration, t = seconds.



Substituting into the appropriate equation:

V = u + at where a = 10 m/s/s + t = 604800 s

V = 6,048,000 m/s

So velocity = 6,048 km/s, a little over six thousand km per
second. That is 30,000 km (1 hex) every 4.96 seconds. While this
is very fast in real terms it is only a fraction of the speed of
light and so relativistic effects are minimal

Remember that c (speed of light) = 300,000 km/s. That is 10 hexes
per second.

So, after a week of maneuver at 1G, the ship is travelling at a
relative speed of 0.02 c.

The ship would need to accelerate at 1G for over 40 weeks before
it starts to approach relativistic speeds (0.8 of c and above).
The ship would need to decelerate for an equivalent (if not
equal) time frame to land on an orbiting planet, as orbiting
planets actually move pretty quickly (of the order of tens of
thousands of km per hour).

I’m sure you would agree that this is an impossible task
for ships in a Traveller universe.

Onwards, the (now even more hypothetical) ship accelerates for
nearly a year at 1G

As the ship approaches relativistic speeds (>0.8 c):

Mass increases, length decreases along the axis of movement, and
time dilates.

(See Special Theory of Relativity in wikipedia for formulas)




So at v = 0.8 c, the Lorentz factor Gamma (γ) = 2.777
recurring


So at v = 0.9 c, Gamma (γ) = 5.263 (4 significant figures)

So at v = 0.99 c, Gamma (γ) =50.2 (3 sig figs)

Thus the mass being accelerated increases sharply as you approach
closer to the speed of light.

Therefore the force required to accelerate the mass, as it
approaches the speed of light also increases sharply.



See Mass in special relativity in wiki:




<javascript:top.opencompose(','','','')> wrote:

Let me reword the question slightly. If a ship accelerated to
near-light speeds, using the galaxy it is in as the frame of
reference, and then stopped accelerating and just coasted, would
the effects of relativity (using our frame of reference) cease to
distort time and mass?

Or, in ortherwords, is relativity dependant on the force created
by the acceleration of the object, on on the given speed of that
object regardless of force?



The answer to both these questions is not a simple Yes or No. The
relativistic effects affecting mass and time are related to the
velocity of the body relative to an observer. I think that it has
been accepted that It becomes more ‘difficult’ to
increase velocity by acceleration as speeds approach the speed of
light due to the Lorentz effect. Moreover the momentum of the
body affects the relativistic mass of the body according to gamma
defined above. Remember momentum is defined as mass multiplied by
velocity.

So finally, relativistic effects on mass and time may be
generally ignored because even at 6G acceleration it would take
many, many weeks of acceleration before you approach relativistic
speeds. And once you get there it becomes exceedingly difficult
to increase velocity due to these effects.

I hope that this sheds at least some light on these interesting
questions.

These questions do tend to raise some interesting in-game
questions though...

Our intrepid adventurers, tripping along at the best part of the
speed of light now have a significant chance of encountering
micro-meteors and other space debris instead of the usual
infinitesimally small chance that becomes the referee’s
plot device. Of course this chance should be left in the Trav
referee’s domain.

Regards,

Craige Cook

On Thu Jul 22 4:36 , sent:



Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in
relation to
required energy/mass? There’s something I’m not
understanding. Here’s a
sample situation:

A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it
got there
is irrelevant). It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at
whatever G’s
its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only
person on
board). The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular
direction
(which direction is not important).

Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is
nothing at
all, right?

The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones
of thrust,
is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship
= 1,000
tonnes of thrust, right?

Okay, let’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed;
say 1,000 km
per hour (it doesn’t really matter). How much energy is
required to
remain at that speed? I would assume none as the ship would
simply be
drifting. (I’m not concerned at all about the resistance of
the particles
in space, and the ship is far enough away from all bodies of
gravity that
it doesn’t have to worry about that.)

Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G,
how much
thrust will he need? It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again,
right? If
so, 1G of acceleration should require the same amount of thrust,
no matter
what speed the ship is initially traveling at.

Am I right or wrong so far? Are my assumptions correct?

Now for something slightly different. Einstein said that the
force of
gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you
accelerate.
So, if that’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be
near a source of
gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is
accelerating it
*is* a source of gravity. This gravity, however, would only be
present
when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?

Okay, assuming I’m correct so far, apparently things start
to change (or,
at least become noticeable) when you begin to approach the speed
of light.

Wait. The *speed* of light? Hmmmm. No, I’m going to ignore
that thought
for now.

So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to
change.
Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers
depending
on how you measure it). The faster you go, the more mass you
have. No no
no, that can’t be right. Going a certain speed does not
require any
energy at all. Only accelerating up to that speed requires
energy.
Right?

This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light
speeds, and
then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while,
while it
is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not
being any
gravity well when coasting) and the ship’s mass is 100
tonnes because it’s
not using any energy to accelerate.

So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started
to
accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?

I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I don’t know
what one.
Can anyone help?

- Daryl










On 24 Jul 2010 at 5:29, Tim O'Reilly wrote:

> hmmm, looks like we'll have to roughen up and backwards design some
> of our comms and such if we ever really to break out into space -
> you're right the tight sync that servers, datanets etc are used to
> today are just not going to hack it, going to have to incorporate
> some (a lot?) of 1950-80s tech to let systems work...

Well, both usenet and Fidonet protocols could handle a lot of it
easily. Both deal with things like messages passed thru multiple
links often with long lag times between them.

> at the moment would play hob with our secure coms, datanets etc cause they
> all want to be tightly synced.  OTOH Even the older systems secure coms
> relied on having round-trip handshaking going on in fractioins of a second
> ... trying to set that up for a relatively long haul - seconds - minutes
> hmmm not old tech, have to be new cause of that.

I remember when I had to give explicit routing for my email, and a
turnaround time (time from sending to receiving reply) of under a
week was considered reasonable.

...!tektronix!reed!percival!leonard was my first email address. It
reads as "from a well connected host send to tektronix. Tektronix
will forward to reed. redd will forward to percival. Percival will
deliver to user leonard"

The sender had to patch in the path from their site to tektronix (or
reed or percival) to replace the "..." part of the path.

There are already RFCs out there for extending the Internet to other
planets.

--
Leonard Erickson (aka shadow)
shadow at shadowgard dot com





Hi Guys,

I had another look at this problem. Sorry one of my assumptions
in my earlier email was wrong.

Thrust is assumed to be one Gravity by convention. This is
demonstrated by the following:

1 kN = 101.9716 kg F

That is 1 kiloNewton is equal to 101.9716 kilogram force.

Kilogram Force is the units of thrust in one gravity.

Therefore, 10 kN is approx. 1 ton of thrust.

Thus 100 ton is accelerated by 100 tons of thrust. This can by
simplified:

G value can be calculated by dividing tonnes of thrust by the
total mass of the ship or craft as per FF&S.

Sorry for any inconvenience, and thanks to Evyn for pointing out
the error.

Cheers,

Craige

On Sat Jul 24 0:40 , sent:


Wonderful! I love the math, and seeing it laid out like that
helps me to see the general principles at work. However, there is
one minor point that I'm not sure I fully agree with: the first
sentence re relativity not having an impact in the TU.

Granted, you did say it wouldn't have *much* of an impact, a
clarification I appretiate, but I do think it would have some
impact. Especially if General relativity is taken into account
and not just special relativity.

So far, the biggest impact that I can see it having is the same
impact we see today with the GPS satelites having to recalibrate
their clocks due the distance they are from earth's gravity, in
order to keep the clocks in sync with our clocks on the planets
surface. Not much of an impact, and there's no real reason it
should affect game mechanics, but it would be a great background
element to include in a campain simply for flavour.

What I'm thinking is that, with so many different worlds, each
with different levels of gravity, the clocks on each will be out
of sync with each other. Only slightly, granted, but if the
effect is pronounced enough that we have to take it into
consideration today, how much more will we have to take it into
consideration in a future where a substancial portion of the
population lives almost exclusively in a zero-G environment?

As far as such a setting is concerned I would think the easiest
thing to do would be to take an atomic clock (or the fututre
equivelant) out into an area of space which is the least affected
by gravity and use that as your baseline for a galaxy-wide time
system. All worlds would have their clocks adjusted to this
zero-G atomic clock, each measuring a second slightly differently
with spaceships using the zero-G time as their base measurement.
A ship's computer would then need to adjust all the on-board
clocks as the ship approached a source of gravity, or even
-possibly?- as the ship itself accelerated generating artificial
gravity. This would likely be especially true for ships with
higher acceleration ratings (4G+).

All this would be done automatically by the on-board computers,
but what happens when said computer isn't working right (or even
when said computer is infected with Virus)? I imagine that, then,
the ship's crew would need to reset their watches given whatever
environment they would be operating in.

Not sure about all this. Maybe. Anyone have any thoughts about
it? Anyone 'know' what the effects of contra-grav or
grav-compensation technologies would be in these terms?


Sent on the TELUS Mobility network with BlackBerry
From: Craige Cook com.au> Sender:
Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2010 10:30:05 +0800 To: yahoogroups.com>
ReplyTo: Subject: Re:
[Traveller_TNE] speed/acceleration/mass/energy/etc


Hi,

The short answer is that relativity has very little to do with
Traveller space travel. Have a look at the logic below. You may
need your calculators out...

wrote:

The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones
of thrust,
is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship
= 1,000
tonnes of thrust, right?

That is right.

Newton’s Laws of Motion state:

1. An object at rest tends to remain at rest until acted
upon by a force.

2. An object in motion at velocity (speed = v) with a
vector (indicating direction) tends to remain in motion until
acted upon by a force.

3. An object (mass m) acted upon by a force (F) undergoes
an acceleration (a) that has the same direction as the force and
a magnitude directly proportional to the mass, where F=ma.

4. The forces between two objects that are interacting are
equal and opposite F and -F.



Acceleration may be simplified as the rate of change of velocity
with respect to time:

a=dv/dt or acceleration = velocity/time

A very simplistic look at the theory of relativity...

But first some premises need to be established... An object (such
as a 100 tonne spaceship) is drifting in space. The Force
perceived by the captain of the spaceship is zero. There are no
net forces acting and the ship has a nett velocity w.r.t the
universe of zero.

Just as an aside, the 100-ton starship of the Traveller universe,
is actually 100 displacement tons of liquid Hydrogen .This is the
volume displaced by a hundred tons of liquid hydrogen. The value
for which is approx. 1400 cubic meters. The actual ship probably
masses somewhere between 800 and 1400 tonnes depending on the
premises used by the designer. So, back to the 100 tonne
‘starship’.

So, the energy needed to accelerate the 100 tonne starship at 1 G
is 1000 tonnes of thrust where G = 10 m/s/s. Continuing this
line, the energy required to accelerate the ship at 2 G is 2000
tonnes of thrust, where G = 10 meters/second/second.

A 1 kg body acted upon by a force of equal to 1 N, will
accelerate at 1 m/s/s, where N = Newton. The units of a Newton
are: 1N = 1 kg m/s/s.

Thus a 100 ton starship acted upon by 100 tons of force will
accelerate at 1 m/s/s, assuming the sum of all other forces are
equal to zero.

Just a quick check of units for those that are confused:

If a 100 tonne starship described above is acted upon by a 1
Newton force, it will accelerate away at 1x10^-5 meters/sec./
sec. That is 0.1 of a millimetre per second squared. It will
continue to accelerate until the force is removed.

F = ma

1 N = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 1 x10^-5 m/s/s

If the 100 tonne starship is acted upon by 10,000 N force, it
will accelerate at 0.1G, 1 meters per second squared until the
force is removed.

F = ma

100,000 = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 1 m/s/s

If the 100 tonne starship is acted upon by 1,000,000 N force, it
will accelerate at 1G, 10 m/s/s.

F = ma

1,000,000 N = 100 tonnes x 1000 kg/tonne x 10 m/s/s

A million Newtons of force is a thousand tonnes of thrust.

1,000,000 N = 1000 kg x 1000 m/s/s x 1 tonne/1000kg

1,000,000 N = 1000 tonne x 1 m/s/s



I hope I haven’t lost you.

Another aside, Gravity on earth as you all know is approx 9.82
m/s/s and for traveller purposes we round to 10 m/s/s. So, the
ship acted upon by 1000 tons of thrust moves off with
acceleration of 1 G.



Moving along,

Assume the ship undergoes 1 G acceleration all week (168 hours)
perhaps if it had thrusters instead of HEPlaR.

Now, 168 hours is equal to 168hours x 60 mins/hour x 60 secs/min
= 604800 seconds

According to Newton’s classical laws of motion

S = ut + ½ a t^2

S= So + ut + ½at^2

V=u+at

V^2= u^2 + 2as

Where s = distance in meters, V = final velocity in m/s, u =
initial velocity, a = acceleration, t = seconds.



Substituting into the appropriate equation:

V = u + at where a = 10 m/s/s + t = 604800 s

V = 6,048,000 m/s

So velocity = 6,048 km/s, a little over six thousand km per
second. That is 30,000 km (1 hex) every 4.96 seconds. While this
is very fast in real terms it is only a fraction of the speed of
light and so relativistic effects are minimal

Remember that c (speed of light) = 300,000 km/s. That is 10 hexes
per second.

So, after a week of maneuver at 1G, the ship is travelling at a
relative speed of 0.02 c.

The ship would need to accelerate at 1G for over 40 weeks before
it starts to approach relativistic speeds (0.8 of c and above).
The ship would need to decelerate for an equivalent (if not
equal) time frame to land on an orbiting planet, as orbiting
planets actually move pretty quickly (of the order of tens of
thousands of km per hour).

I’m sure you would agree that this is an impossible task
for ships in a Traveller universe.

Onwards, the (now even more hypothetical) ship accelerates for
nearly a year at 1G

As the ship approaches relativistic speeds (>0.8 c):

Mass increases, length decreases along the axis of movement, and
time dilates.

(See Special Theory of Relativity in wikipedia for formulas)




So at v = 0.8 c, the Lorentz factor Gamma (γ) = 2.777
recurring


So at v = 0.9 c, Gamma (γ) = 5.263 (4 significant figures)

So at v = 0.99 c, Gamma (γ) =50.2 (3 sig figs)

Thus the mass being accelerated increases sharply as you approach
closer to the speed of light.

Therefore the force required to accelerate the mass, as it
approaches the speed of light also increases sharply.



See Mass in special relativity in wiki:




<javascript:top.opencompose(','','','')> wrote:

Let me reword the question slightly. If a ship accelerated to
near-light speeds, using the galaxy it is in as the frame of
reference, and then stopped accelerating and just coasted, would
the effects of relativity (using our frame of reference) cease to
distort time and mass?

Or, in ortherwords, is relativity dependant on the force created
by the acceleration of the object, on on the given speed of that
object regardless of force?



The answer to both these questions is not a simple Yes or No. The
relativistic effects affecting mass and time are related to the
velocity of the body relative to an observer. I think that it has
been accepted that It becomes more ‘difficult’ to
increase velocity by acceleration as speeds approach the speed of
light due to the Lorentz effect. Moreover the momentum of the
body affects the relativistic mass of the body according to gamma
defined above. Remember momentum is defined as mass multiplied by
velocity.

So finally, relativistic effects on mass and time may be
generally ignored because even at 6G acceleration it would take
many, many weeks of acceleration before you approach relativistic
speeds. And once you get there it becomes exceedingly difficult
to increase velocity due to these effects.

I hope that this sheds at least some light on these interesting
questions.

These questions do tend to raise some interesting in-game
questions though...

Our intrepid adventurers, tripping along at the best part of the
speed of light now have a significant chance of encountering
micro-meteors and other space debris instead of the usual
infinitesimally small chance that becomes the referee’s
plot device. Of course this chance should be left in the Trav
referee’s domain.

Regards,

Craige Cook

On Thu Jul 22 4:36 , sent:



Does anyone on this list know how speed/acceleration work in
relation to
required energy/mass? There’s something I’m not
understanding. Here’s a
sample situation:

A 100 tonne starship comes into existence in deep space (how it
got there
is irrelevant). It has unlimited fuel and can accelerate at
whatever G’s
its captain wants without harm to the captain (who is the only
person on
board). The captain accelerates the ship at 1 G in a particular
direction
(which direction is not important).

Now, the energy needed for the ship to remain motionless is
nothing at
all, right?

The energy needed for the ship to accelerate, measured in tones
of thrust,
is 10 tonnes of thrust per 1 G of acceleration per tonne of ship
= 1,000
tonnes of thrust, right?

Okay, let’s say the ship accelerates up to a certain speed;
say 1,000 km
per hour (it doesn’t really matter). How much energy is
required to
remain at that speed? I would assume none as the ship would
simply be
drifting. (I’m not concerned at all about the resistance of
the particles
in space, and the ship is far enough away from all bodies of
gravity that
it doesn’t have to worry about that.)

Now, if the captain wanted to start accelerating again at 1 G,
how much
thrust will he need? It will be 1,000 tonnes of thrust again,
right? If
so, 1G of acceleration should require the same amount of thrust,
no matter
what speed the ship is initially traveling at.

Am I right or wrong so far? Are my assumptions correct?

Now for something slightly different. Einstein said that the
force of
gravity was the same force as that which you notice when you
accelerate.
So, if that’s true, the ship will never actually *not* be
near a source of
gravity as long as it is accelerating, because if it is
accelerating it
*is* a source of gravity. This gravity, however, would only be
present
when accelerating, and not when drifting, would it not?

Okay, assuming I’m correct so far, apparently things start
to change (or,
at least become noticeable) when you begin to approach the speed
of light.

Wait. The *speed* of light? Hmmmm. No, I’m going to ignore
that thought
for now.

So the ship is getting speedier and measurements are starting to
change.
Apparently this is because energy equals mass (with the numbers
depending
on how you measure it). The faster you go, the more mass you
have. No no
no, that can’t be right. Going a certain speed does not
require any
energy at all. Only accelerating up to that speed requires
energy.
Right?

This should mean that if the ship accelerated to near-light
speeds, and
then stopped accelerating and coasted at that speed for a while,
while it
is just coasting time is behaving normally (due to there not
being any
gravity well when coasting) and the ship’s mass is 100
tonnes because it’s
not using any energy to accelerate.

So, if this ship was coasting at such a speed that, if it started
to
accelerate its mass would double, is this change in mass instant?

I think one of my assumptions may be wrong, but I don’t know
what one.
Can anyone help?

- Daryl